High Energy Physics

Defects and boundaries play an important role in a wide range of physical contexts, from particle physics to critical phenomena. In this talk, I will discuss how bulk symmetries can be realized in subtle ways in the presence of such impurities, introducing the concepts of symmetry reflecting defects and defect anomalies. I will focus on two main applications. First, I will demonstrate how these symmetry considerations can impose strong constraints on the long-distance dynamics. Second, I will show how they provide a natural explanation for scattering processes whose outgoing states appear to carry unusual quantum numbers. These phenomena can be understood and systematically predicted from topological considerations, in a variety of examples including massive theories.

Interacting fermions exhibit a rich landscape of surface defects. We investigate novel surface critical phenomena in systems governed by the three-dimensional Gross–Neveu–Yukawa CFT. In particular, we obtain exact infrared solutions for a class of defect renormalization group flows and demonstrate how various fermionic anomalies are encoded in the resulting surface dynamics. We also comment on the emergent topology and geometry in the defect coupling space.

Inflation may have occurred at energies up to 10^16 GeV, far beyond the reach of any terrestrial collider. The "cosmological collider" program seeks to extract the mass spectrum and spin content of particles present during inflation from non-Gaussian correlators. Forthcoming large-scale structure surveys target the critical f_NL ~ O(1) threshold, and future 21 cm observations could in principle approach the gravitational floor at f_NL ~ O(0.01). However, isolating these primordial signals places a premium on robust theoretical templates. Significant progress has been made in computing certain tree-level models, but important physical scenarios require going beyond tree level. Whenever the heavy particle coupled to the inflaton carries a conserved quantum number, such as gauge charge or fermion number, the leading contribution to the bispectrum first arises at one loop. This makes loop-level computations essential rather than a mere perturbative refinement. In this talk, I describe how techniques from tropical geometry, originally developed for multi-loop Feynman integrals in flat space, can be adapted to evaluate loop-level Witten diagrams in de Sitter space in complete generality for the first time. I present results for the one-loop bubble bispectrum generated by the derivative portal (d phi)^2 sigma^2 at fully general kinematics and masses, as well as the one-loop triangle diagram. I compare the resulting templates with CMB data. We expect these methods to be applicable to a broad range of cosmological models.

We derive a cutting rule for equal-time in-in correlators, including cosmological correlators based on Keldysh r/a basis, which decomposes diagrams into fully retarded functions and cut-propagators consisting of Wightman functions. Our derivation relies only on basic assumptions such as unitarity, locality, and the causal structure of the in-in formalism. We apply the cutting rule to simplify the extraction of non-local cosmological collider signals, and prove the absence of one-loop scale-invariant corrections from enhanced small-scale perturbations to superhorizon curvature and tensor perturbations.