High Energy Physics

I discuss how quantum mechanical effects prevent violations of causality in low energy processes, even when faster-than-light propagation is possible. At the classical level, faster-than-light propagation can be used to build "time-machine" configurations that violate causality. However, low-energy quantum excitations propagating on these backgrounds lead to divergent backreaction through loop effects. These divergences fully probe the UV dynamics of the system, making it impossible to prepare and describe causality violating configurations in the regime of validity of effective field theory. In light of these results, I conclude that effective field theories with negative Wilson coefficients or Galileon-symmetric interactions are not in tension with causality, despite leading to faster-than-light propagation.

Hot viscous plasmas unavoidably emit a gravitational wave background, similar to electromagnetic black body radiation. In this talk we will discuss the contribution from hidden particles to the diffuse background emitted by the primordial plasma in the early universe. While this contribution can easily dominate over that from Standard Model particles, both are capped by a generic upper bound that makes them difficult to detect with interferometers in the foreseeable future. We will illustrate our results on the examples of axion-like particles and heavy neutral leptons. We will also discuss how this bound affects the previous estimates of gravitational wave backgrounds from particle decays out of thermal equilibrium.

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I will argue that there are quantum states of the field theories of general relativity and electromagnetism that we typically ignore, but have interesting phenomenological effects. These states amount to relaxing the constraint equations known as the Hamiltonian and momentum constraints in GR and Gauss’ law in EM. Turning off the Hamiltonian constraint sources non-dynamical parts of the metric which mimic a pressure-less dust, and thus these effects may be the explanation as to why we have inferred the existence of dark matter, both locally and cosmologically. Turning off the momentum constraints add additional velocity-dependent source terms to this effective dust, but these effects are not conserved and redshift quickly outside the horizon. Turning off the Gauss’ law constraint mimics a charge density that does not respond to electric forces, but follows geodesics, thus adding a charged component to the dust. The effects in electromagnetism may have interesting impacts on BBN, the baryon-photon fluid during and after recombination, galactic dynamics, and cosmic rays. If this new structure in the gravitational and electric fields explain dark matter, it forbids an early period of inflation and therefore requires a different explanation for density perturbations.

The axion is one of the most compelling new physics candidates, deriving many of its important properties from an approximate shift symmetry. In this talk, we will consider the general form of the axion coupling to photons in the presence of such a broken shift symmetry. We will show that the axion-photon in general becomes a non-linear monodromic function of the axion. The non-linearity is correlated with the axion mass and singularities in the axion-photon coupling are associated with cusps in the axion potential. We derive the general form of the axion-photon coupling for several examples including the QCD axion and show that there is a uniform general form for this monodromic function. The full non-linear profile of this coupling is phenomenologically relevant to the dynamics induced on axion domain walls/strings and other extended objects involving the axion.

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It is well known that the study and observation of core collapse Supernovae (SN) provide powerful tools to probe possible scenarios of physics beyond the Standard Model (SM). After reviewing the basics beyond the mechanism of a SN explosion and how these observations can constraint models of new physics, I will focus on two novel ideas to exploit the already available data from past SN and the observation of a future, long due, galactic one. Firstly. I will discuss constraints, from the cooling on the SN, on the interactions of SM particles with an hypothetical dark sector, leading to bounds on the mediators of such interactions competitive with collider ones. Then, I will turn on the constrains on the emission of axion-like particles (ALPs) that can convert into photons in an external magnetic field, leading to a gamma-ray signal. I will discuss the possibility that ALPs can convert to gamma-rays in the stellar magnetic fields of the progenitor stars. Applying this concept to gamma-ray data from SN1987A leads to the strongest constraints on axion-like particles for masses within a few orders of magnitude of 10^-5 eV. The implications for a future galactic blue supergiant supernova will be discussed.

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The correlation functions of large-scale fluctuations are crucial observables in modern cosmology. These boundary correlators contain rich information about the bulk dynamics and can be used to probe physics at the inflation scale. There have been considerable efforts in the analytical study of inflation correlators in recent years. In this talk, I will introduce the basic structure of inflation correlators and several analytical methods we have developed for their computation. In particular, I will introduce the method of partial Mellin-Barnes (PMB) representation. With this method, we can largely solve the massive tree correlators analytically. At the loop level, we use PMB to prove a factorization theorem for the nonanalytical part of inflation correlators, which produces a characteristic nonlocal signal. Finally, we can recover the full correlator starting from this nonanalytical part using a dispersion integral.

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"Null Polygons" in N=4 SYM theory describe the multi-point correlators of 1/2-BPS local operators with large R-charge, when they approach the vertices of a light-like polygon. The leading UV divergences of null polygons is conjectured to satisfy a hierarchy of coupled Toda field theory equations [E.O., Vieira ’22]. I will present some progress towards the prediction of Null Polygons beyond leading logarithms via the hexagons technique, appropriately truncated in the light-cone regime. The method, still conjectural, relies on a series of weak-coupling derivations performed in the Fishnet limit of the theory, where the hexagon representation is derived in the basis of eigenfunctions of a conformal Heisenberg magnet in the principal series. I will present a number of worked-out examples for multi-point multi-loop Fishnet Feynman integrals and Null Polygons.

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Strongly coupled confining theories are well-motivated in many BSM frameworks. The early universe cosmological history of these theories provides possibilities for observable signals. These theories undergo confinement deconfinement phase transition in the early universe, which can result in gravitational wave signals, observable in upcoming experiments. Using AdS/CFT, these theories have been studied in the Randall-Sundrum framework, and various quantitative aspects of the phase transition have been calculated. In the models that have been considered, the rate of transition from the deconfined phase to the confined phase is very small and leads to a period of supercooling. This enhances the gravitational wave signal, but presents a tension between a low confinement scale and fitting to the standard picture of BBN. In this talk, I will briefly review the calculations leading to these conclusions, and argue that some of the issues are specific to the simplified models that have been studied. I will present two modifications that are expected on general grounds, motivated by including strong IR effects systematically. Such effects change the results significantly. In particular, new qualitative features appear which have been missed in previous investigations. I will briefly comment on the phenomenological implications and open questions. The talk will be based on 2309.10090 and 2401.09633.

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