High Energy Physics

We review basic properties of effective worldvolume theory describing the dynamics of Dirichlet branes in type II supergravity backgrounds and then show that the SL(2,R) symmetry of IIB supergravity allows for the existence of new supersymmetric 7-brane configurations called Q7-branes. The Q7-branes differ from the D7-branes, in particular, by their coupling to the dilaton, axion and to `magnetic\' gauge field duals thereof. The appearance of Q7-branes and their instanton duals may indicate the existence of a new, yet unexplored, perturbative vacuum of type IIB string theory.

In frustrated systems, competing interactions lead to complex phase diagrams and sometimes entirely new states of matter. Frustration often arises from the lattice geometry, leaving the system delicately balanced between a variety of possible orders. A number of normally weak effects can lead to a lifting of this degeneracy. For example, I will discuss how quantum fluctuations can stabilize a supersolid phase, where the system is at once both a crystal and a superfluid. Frustrated magnets are promising candidates for realizing spin liquid phases with exotic \'topological order\', and new kinds of quantum phase transitions that have no classical analog. Bio: Ashvin Vishwanath received his MSc from IIT Kanpur in 1996, and PhD from Princeton in 2001. After holding the Papparlardo fellowship at MIT, he joined UC Berkeley in 2004, where he is currently associate professor of physics. He specializes in theoretical condensed matter physics, especially magnetism, superconductivity and other correlated quantum phenomena in solids and cold atomic gases. Ashvin is the recipient of several awards, most recently a Sloan fellowship (2004), a Hellman foundation fellowship (2006), and an NSF CAREER Award (2007).

We will discuss the missing pieces in the understanding of the effective field theory description of string creation, the T-dual of the Hanany-Witten effect, both in the open and closed string picture. We explain the origin of the \'bare\' Chern-Simons term, so far added in by hand. There however remain unsettled issues concerning the need to modify the DBI action and the interpretation of this term in M-theory.

I will report on some work in progress with Dan Freed and Greg Moore. In an orientifold background, D-brane charge takes values in a certain twisted version of KR Theory. Moreover, there is a nontrivial background charge (\'tadpole\'). Up \'til now, this background charge has only been calculated rationally -- i.e., ignoring torsion. We derive a formula for it, over the integers. Only after \'inverting 2\', does the charge localize to the fixed point sets of the orientifold action, and we can give a compact formula for it. This reproduces the previously known rational results, but contains new information.

Amanda Peet received her Ph.D. at Stanford University and currently is Associate Professor at the University of Toronto, her “intellectual home base.” She is also an Affiliate Member of Perimeter Institute. Amanda's goal is to understand the fundamental dynamics of all forces and particles seen so far in Nature, especially gravity. Broadly: She studies the quantum dynamics of interactions between gravity and matter using string theory, with applications to black holes and cosmology, and links to gauge theory and particle physics. Past work has focused on the black hole information paradox, black hole entropy, D-brane models of black holes, duality, holography, building of new geometries, spacetime singularity resolution, and cosmology. Amanda continues to develop these interests, as well as develop others as new particle accelerator data from LHC and cosmological data (further) influence the field.

New low frequency radio telescopes currently being built open up the possibility of observing the 21 cm radiation before the Epoch of Reionization in the future, in particular at redshifts 200 ≥ z ≥ 30, also known as the dark ages. At these high redshifts, Cosmic Microwave Back-ground (CMB) radiation is absorbed by neutral hydrogen at its 21 cm hyperfine transition. This redshifted 21 cm signal thus carries information about the state of the early Universe and can be used to test fundamental physics. We study the constraints these observations can put on the variation of fundamental constants and on fundamental mass scales. We show that the 21 cm radiation is very sensitive to the variations in the fine structure constant and can in principle place constraints comparable to or better than the other astrophysical experiments. Cosmic strings, if they exist, contribute to the anisotropies in the primordial gas leaving an imprint on the 21 cm radiation. They can tell us about the fundamental mass scales involved in the theories beyond the standard model. We show that the 21 cm radiation can potentially probe cosmic strings of tension ~10−12 asumming intercommutation probability of 1. Making such observations will require radio telescopes of collecting area 10 − 106 km2 compared to ~ 1 km2 of current telescopes.

Precision tests of Local Position Invariance (LPI) involve many different methods in atomic, nuclear and gravitational physics, astrophysics and cosmology, and many different epochs and environments. We present some methods for comparing or combining different methods, either in a model-independent way or within simple scalar field models of variation. We focus on which methods are most sensitive to cosmologically recent time variation, and also on tests of spatial variation within the Solar System.