Conference

Recent observations of the CGM reveal that it is extended, multiphase, and ubiquitous, detected around star forming and quiescent galaxies. However, many questions remain open - how much gas is out there, what are its thermal properties, spatial distribution, and morphology? These are linked to the properties of gas accretion onto galaxies, star formation, and feedback processes, and are crucial to our holistic understanding of galactic ecosystems. I will present the multiphase CGM modeling framework I developed with collaborators and showcase examples of its application to a wide range of absorption measurements, constraining the CGM mass, thermodynamics, energetics, and cool gas cloud sizes. I will also demonstrate how predictions from these models can be used to test them with upcoming and future multi-wavelength observations.

The cosmic far-infrared background (CIB) encodes dust emission from all galaxies and carries valuable information on structure formation, star formation, and chemical enrichment across cosmic time. However, its redshift-dependent spectrum remains poorly constrained due to line-of-sight projection effects. We address this in [arXiv:2504.05384][1] by cross-correlating 11 far-infrared intensity maps spanning a 50-fold frequency range from Planck, Herschel, and IRAS, with spectroscopic galaxies and quasars from SDSS I-IV tomographically. We mitigate foregrounds using [CSFD][2], a CIB-free Milky Way dust map, and also remove the tomographic SZ background from hot gas in the cosmic web detected in [arXiv:2006.14650][3]. These cross-correlation amplitudes on two-halo scales trace bias-weighted CIB redshift distributions and collectively yield a 60σ detection of the evolving CIB spectrum, sampled across hundreds of rest-frame frequencies over 0 < z < 4. We break the bias-intensity degeneracy by adding monopole information from FIRAS. The recovered CIB spectrum reveals a dust temperature distribution that is broad, spanning the full range of host environments, and moderately evolving. Using low-frequency CIB amplitudes, we constrain cosmic dust density, Ω_dust, which peaks at z = 1-1.5 and declines threefold to the present. Our wide spectral and sky coverages enable a determination of the total infrared luminosity density with negligible cosmic variance across 90% of cosmic time. This yields a more precise yet consistent constraint on the cosmic star formation history compared to the Madau & Dickinson (2014) compilation. Additionally, we find that star formation occurs in a mode that is, on average, 80% dust-obscured at z = 0 and 60% at z = 4. Our results, based on intensity mapping, are complete, requiring no extrapolation to faint galaxies or low-surface-brightness components. We release our tomographic CIB spectrum and redshift distributions in [this link][4] as a public resource for future studies of the CIB, both as a cosmological matter tracer and CMB foreground. [1]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.05384 [2]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.03926 [3]: https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.14650 [4]: https://zenodo.org/records/15149425

Feedback processes, particularly from active galactic nuclei (AGN), play a crucial role in redistributing baryons within halos. These mechanisms can displace gas to halo outskirts or eject it entirely, leading to baryon fractions below the cosmic mean. While simulations such as TNG, SIMBA, and EAGLE predict these effects across a wide halo mass range, observational constraints remain largely limited to high-mass groups and clusters. In this talk, I will present a systematic analysis of the observed baryon content of halos in the local universe across a mass range of $10^{10} - 10^{15} M_{\odot}$​, using a compilation of empirical measurements from the literature. We quantify the contributions of hot gas, stars, and cold gas to the total baryon budget, constructing baryonic mass-to-halo mass scaling relations. We also use the latest eROSITA and ASKAP data to provide the current constraints on the average hot gas and cold gas content in halos through stacking analysis. The baryonic scaling relations are constructed from group- and cluster-scale halos down to $10^{12} M_{\odot}$​ for all three components, while additional individual galaxy measurements allow us to extend HI and stellar mass scaling relations to $10^{10} M_{\odot}$​. By combining these relations with the halo mass function, we then determine the baryon density distribution as a function of halo mass and calculate the cosmic mass densities of stars, HI, and hot gas within halos in the local universe. Our results provide key observational constraints on the distribution of baryons in the local universe, offering insights into potential mechanisms, such as feedback, that regulate baryon retention and redistribution.

Weak gravitational lensing is the only way to probe the total matter distribution on the scales of galaxies and the surrounding cosmic web. Understanding the dark matter distribution and its link to galaxies is critical not only galaxy formation and evolution, but also to correctly extract the cosmological parameters from weak lensing surveys. I will highlight recent results from the Ultraviolet Near Infrared Optical Northern Survey (UNIONS), a major weak lensing survey of 6000 square degrees of the northern sky, that probe the dark matter distribution around luminous red galaxies, allowing us to see the feedback-affected matter profiles, around galaxy mergers and in filaments of the cosmic web. If time permits, I will discuss prospect for future weak lensing surveys such as Euclid.

I will present an overview of the work of the "GM Galaxies" project, which explores the relationship between history of a galaxy and its observable traits. I will give three examples of our work, looking at how dwarf galaxies change their properties based on their mass assembly, the Milky Way stellar halo responds to variations in its merging history, and the circumgalactic medium of massive galaxies mediates the transition from star-forming to quiescent.

Line Intensity Mapping (LIM) experiments are innovative techniques for studying structures at high redshift. They allow us to uncover previously inaccessible astrophysical data by making 3D tomographic maps with 2D spatial line intensity fluctuations. As efforts like COMAP progress in detecting carbon monoxide (CO) and other spectral lines, generating precise mock maps becomes crucial for data analysis, prediction of future observations, and development of new statistical methods for LIM analysis. These mock maps are generated by interpolating line luminosities across the specified dark matter halo distribution, using response functions that are defined by the relationship between the line luminosities and both observable and derived properties of simulated galaxies. In my presentation, I will elucidate the statistical relationship between the calculated line luminosity and inherent/derived observables for simulated FIRE (Feedback In Realistic Environment) galaxies, focusing on CO(1-0) to CO(8-7) lines at four different redshift regimes: z=0, 1, 2, and 3. I will examine the correlations between CO emission and galactic properties at different redshifts and explore the potential causal relationships they may suggest as well as how they can define essential response functions for creating mock maps.

The CGM is sensitive to various baryonic flows (e.g. stellar winds, supernovae, etc.) occurring on different timescales. Chemical abundance patterns in circumgalactic clouds provide a unique timing clock for constraining the dominant source of feedback regulating galaxy growth. In this talk, I will discuss how we leverage multiwavelength quasar spectra from surveys like the Cosmic Ultraviolet Baryon Survey (CUBS) to constrain the gas ionization state and elemental abundances of cool/warm-hot CGM absorbers. We find relatively cool (~1-5e4 K), diffuse (~0.001-0.01 cm^-3) photoionized gas clumps exhibiting a variety of chemical enrichment patterns. Several absorbers show an enhancement in non-alpha elements (e.g. carbon, nitrogen) reflecting metal production by secondary nucleosynthetic pathways. We also find chemically mature, metal-poor absorbers, showing evidence of mixing between pre-enriched gas and pristine inflows. These results demonstrate the value of using elemental abundances to understand which feedback processes are most critical in shaping the cosmic baryon cycle.

Using zoom-in cosmological simulations, I will discuss some of the physical and observable properties of the circumgalactic medium (CGM). I will focus on non-thermal physical processes and how they impact the galactic ecosystem. The presence of magnetic fields and feedback from relativistic cosmic rays changes the flow of gas in the CGM, affecting the efficiency of outflows driven by stars or supermassive black holes as well as the turbulence-driven mixing in the CGM. This also affects our simulations’ predictions for neutral hydrogen and metal ions, observable through 21 cm emission and quasar absorption lines. I will show how these effects of magnetic fields and cosmic rays vary across a wide range in halo mass, from dwarf galaxies to galaxy groups.

Project AMIGA (Absorption Maps In the Gas of Andromeda) provides an unprecedented view of the circumgalactic medium (CGM) of our nearest large galaxy neighbor. Using 55 sightlines obtained largely from two large HST COS programs, we map Andromeda's CGM across distances spanning from 10 to 570 kpc, nearly reaching twice its virial radius (Rvir=300 kpc). Using extensive diagnostics of different gas phases (OI/VI, SiII/III/IV, CII/CIV, FeII, AlII), this study uniquely bridges the smaller scales of the CGM with its largest scales extending into the intergalactic medium (IGM). In this talk, I will demonstrate how gas complexity and gas-phase structures significantly change with impact parameters but show little variation with azimuth relative to major/minor projected axes. Our program can differentiate components associated with the thick disk from those in the CGM, providing crucial insights for characterizing gas phases and accurately determining the total mass of Andromeda's CGM. I will place these findings in the broader context of other CGM observations, recent cosmological zoom simulations of Milky Way-mass galaxies at z~0, and how this pathfinder study may inform next-generation observations of the CGM/IGM with HWO.

We report results from observations of the CGM ionized, atomic, molecular, and condensed phases using a combination of integral field spectroscopy (MaNGA, VLT MUSE, JWST MRS), and imaging and spectroscopy from HST, VLT, Magellan. In a study of the warm and cool CGM of galaxies mapped with IFS, and a comparison of the kinematics, ionization, and metallicity of this gas with the ionized gas in star-forming regions in the galaxies, we find consistency with a co-rotation of the cool CGM with galaxy disks and hints of changes in gas ionization, potentially due to the stronger intergalactic radiation field at larger galactocentric distance. Our spatially resolved maps of gas metallicity and ionization around galaxies provide constraints on models of the metal distribution around galaxies. Our results are also consistent with higher metallicity and higher ionization parameter for gas at higher elevation angles, as expected for outflows. Our JWST studies of the composition, structure, and extinction properties of the dust grains in both the diffuse and dense ISM/CGM of galaxies at 0