Scientific Series

The existence of three generations of neutrinos and their mass mixing is a deep mystery of our universe. Majorana's elegant work on the real solution of Dirac equation predicted the existence of Majorana particles in our nature, unfortunately, these Majorana particles have never been observed. In this talk, I will begin with a simple 1D condensed matter model which realizes a T^2=-1time reversal symmetry protected superconductors and then discuss the physical property of its boundary Majorana zero modes. It is shown that these Majorana zero modes realize a T^4=-1 time reversal doubelets and carry 1/4 spin. Such a simple observation motivates us to revisit the CPT symmetry of those ghost particles--neutrinos by assuming that they are topological Majorana particles made by four
Majorana zero modes. Interestingly, we find that Majorana zero modes will realize a P^4=-1 parity symmetry as well. It can even realize a nontrivial C^4=-1 charge conjugation symmetry, which is a big surprise from a usual perspective that the charge conjugation symmetry for a Majorana particle is trivial. Indeed, such a C^4=-1 charge conjugation symmetry can be promoted to a Z_2 gauge symmetry and its spontaneously breaking leads to the origin of neutrino mass. We further attribute
the origin of three generations of neutrinos to three distinguishable ways of defining two complex fermions from four Majorana zero modes.
The above assumptions lead to a D2 symmetry in the generation space and uniquely determine the mass mixing matrix with no adjustable parameters! In the absence of CP violation, we derive
\theta_12=32degree, \theta_23=45degree and \theta_13=0degree, which is intrinsically closed to
the current experimental results. We further predict an exact mass ratio of the three mass eigenstate with m_1/m_3=m_2/m_3=3/\sqrt{5}.

We discuss how bipartite graphs on Riemann surfaces encapture a wealth of information about the physics of large classes of supersymmetric gauge theories, especially those with quiver structure and arising from the AdS/CFT context. The correspondence between the gauge theory, the underlying algebraic geometry of it space of vacua, the combinatorics of dimers and toric varieties, as well as the number theory of dessin d'enfants becomes particular intricate under this light.

Screened Scalar-Tensor gravity such as chameleon and symmetron theories allow order one deviations from General Relativity on large scales whilst satisfying all local solar-system constraints. A lot of recent work has therefore focused on searching for observational signatures of these
models and constraining them. If these models are to be viable then our own solar system is necessarily screened, however, this may not be the case for stars in Dwarf Galaxies, which can exhibit novel and unique phenomena. These new effects can be exploited to produce constraints that are far more competitive than laboratory and cosmological tests and in this talk, I will describe some recent and ongoing work using these phenomena to place new constraints.

Ultra-light axions (m_a<10^{-18} eV), motivated by string theory, can be a powerful probe of the energy scale of inflation if they exist as a sub-dominant component of the Dark Matter. In contrast to heavier axions the isocurvature modes in the ultra-light axions can coexist with observable gravitational waves. Here it is shown that existing (2005) large scale structure constraints severely limit the parameter space for axion mass, density fraction and isocurvature amplitude. It is also shown that radically different CMB observables for the ultra-light axion isocurvature mode additionally reduce this space. The results of a new, accurate and efficient method to calculate this isocurvature power spectrum are presented, and can be used to constrain ultra-light axions and inflation.
I will also present preliminary results of constraints to this model using up-to-date cosmological observations, which verify the above picture. The parameter space is interesting to explore due to a strongly mass dependent covariance matrix, motivating comparisons between Metropolis-Hastings and nested sampling. Finally I discuss fine-tuning and naturalness in these models.