Quantum Physics

How violently do two quantum operators disagree? Different subfields of physics feature different notions of incompatibility: i) In quantum information theory, uncertainty relations are cast in terms of entropies. These entropic uncertainty relations constrain measurement outcomes. ii) Condensed matter and high-energy physics feature interacting quantum many-body systems, such as spin chains. A local perturbation, such as a Pauli operator on one side of a chain, preads through many-body entanglement. The perturbation comes to overlap, and to disagree, with probes localized on the opposite side of the system. This disagreement signals that quantum information about the perturbation has scrambled, or become hidden in highly nonlocal correlations. I will unite these two notions of quantum operator disagreement, presenting an entropic uncertainty relation for quantum-information scrambling. The entropies are of distributions over weak and strong measurements' possible outcomes. The uncertainty bound strengthens when a spin chain scrambles in numerical simulations. Hence the subfields - quantum information, condensed matter, and high-energy physics - can agree about when quantum operations disagree. Our relation can be tested experimentally with superconducting qubits, trapped ions, and quantum dots. 

NYH, Bartolotta, and Pollack, accepted by Comms. Phys. (in press) arXiv:1806.04147.

Optimally encoding classical information in a quantum system is one of the oldest and most fundamental challenges of quantum information theory. Holevo’s bound places a hard upper limit on such encodings, while the Holevo-Schumacher-Westmoreland (HSW) theorem addresses the question of how many classical messages can be “packed” into a given quantum system. In this article, we use Sen’s recent quantum joint typicality results to prove a one-shot multiparty quantum packing lemma generalizing the HSW theorem. The lemma is designed to be easily applicable in many network communication scenarios. As an illustration, we use it to straightforwardly obtain quantum generalizations of well-known classical coding schemes for the relay channel: multihop, coherent multihop, decode-forward, and partial decode-forward. We provide both finite blocklength and asymptotic results, the latter matching existing formulas. Given the key role of the classical packing lemma in network information theory, our packing lemma should help open the field to direct quantum generalization.

A common criticism directed against many-world theories is that, being deterministic, they cannot make sense of probability. I argue that, on the contrary, deterministic theories with branching provide us the only known coherent definition of objective probability. I illustrate this argument with a toy many-worlds theory known as Kent's universe, and discuss its limitations when applied to the usual Many-Worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.

I'll also argue that subjective probabilities are unproblematic in the many-worlds setting by showing how the usual decision-theoretical axioms apply there, and finish by showing that together with a proper definition of measurement they suffice to derive the Born rule.

In this talk, I will discuss some interesting connections between Hamiltonian complexity, error correction, and quantum circuits. First, motivated by the Quantum PCP Conjecture, I will describe a construction of a family of local Hamiltonians where the complexity of ground states — even when subject to large amounts of noise — is superpolynomial (under plausible complexity assumptions). The construction is simple, making use of the well-known Feynman-Kitaev circuit Hamiltonian construction.

Next, I will describe how this complexity result can be repurposed to construct local approximate error correcting codes with (nearly) linear distance and (nearly) constant rate. By contrast, it remains an open problem to construct quantum low-density parity check (QLDPC) stabilizer codes that achieve similarly good parameters.

An interesting component of our code construction is the Brueckmann-Terhal spacetime circuit Hamiltonian construction, and a novel analysis of its spectral gap. Our codes are ground spaces of non-commuting  — but frustration-free -- local Hamiltonians. We believe that our results present additional evidence that the study of approximate error correction and non-stabilizer codes may be much richer than previously thought.

This talk will have more questions than answers, and is based on two papers:

·  https://arxiv.org/abs/1802.07419 (joint with Chinmay Nirkhe and Umesh Vazirani)

·  https://arxiv.org/abs/1811.00277 (joint work with Thom Bohdanowicz, Elizabeth Crosson, and Chinmay Nirkhe)

In the usual paradigm of quantum error correction, the information to be protected can be encoded in a system of abstract qubits or modes.  But how does this work for physical information, which cannot be described in this way?  Just as direction information cannot be conveyed using a sequence of words if the parties involved do not share a reference frame, physical quantum information cannot be conveyed using a sequence of qubits or modes without a shared reference frame.  Covariant quantum error correction is a procedure for protecting such physical information against noise in such a way that the encoding and decoding operations transform covariantly with respect to an external symmetry group. In this talk, we'll study covariant QEC, and we will see that there do not exist finite dimensional quantum codes that are covariant with respect to continuous symmetries.  Conversely, we'll see that there do exist finite codes for finite groups, and continuous variable (CV) codes for continuous groups.  This leads to a CV method of circumventing the Eastin-Knill theorem.  By relaxing our requirements to allow for only approximate error correction and covariance, we'll find a fundamental tension between a code's ability to approximately correct errors and covariance with respect to a continuous symmetry.  In this way, we'll arrive at an approximate version of the Eastin-Knill theorem, and we'll end by learning what covariant QEC tells us about continuous symmetries in AdS/CFT, among other applications. 

Epistemic interpretations of quantum theory maintain that quantum states only represent incomplete information about the physical states of the world. A major motivation for this view is the promise to provide a reasonable account of state update under measurement by asserting that it is simply a natural feature of updating incomplete statistical information. Here we demonstrate that all known epistemic ontological models of quantum theory in dimension d ≥ 3, including those designed to evade the conclusion of the PBR theorem, cannot represent state update correctly. Conversely, interpretations for which the wavefunction is real evade such restrictions despite remaining subject to long-standing criticism regarding physical discontinuity, indeterminism and the ambiguity of the Heisenberg cut. This revives the possibility of a no-go theorem with no additional assumptions, and demonstrates that what is usually thought of as a strength of epistemic interpretations may in fact be a weakness. We also discuss hidden Markov models and their relationship to ontological models, demarcating the ways in which one might move ‘outside’ the ontological models formalism.