Quantum Physics

Quantum measurement has conventionally been regarded as the final step in quantum information processing, which is essential for reading out the processed information but collapses the quantum state into a classical state. However, recent studies have shown that quantum measurement itself can induce novel quantum phenomena. One seminal example is a monitored random circuit, which can generate long-range entanglement faster than a random unitary circuit. Inspired by these results, in this talk, we address the following question: When quantum information is encoded in a quantum error-correcting code, how many physical qubits should be randomly measured to destroy the encoded information? We investigate this question for various quantum error-correcting codes and derive the necessary and sufficient conditions for destroying the information through measurements. In particular, we demonstrate that for a large class of quantum error-correcting codes, it is impossible to destroy the encoded information through random single-qubit Pauli measurements when a tiny portion of physical qubits is still unmeasured. Our results not only reveal the extraordinary robustness of quantum codes under measurement decoherence, but also suggest potential applications in quantum information processing tasks.

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A Bell scenario can be conceptualized as a "communication" scenario with zero rounds of communication between parties, i.e., although each party can receive a system from its environment on which it can implement a measurement, it cannot send out any system to another party. Under this constraint, there is a strict hierarchy of correlation sets, namely, classical, quantum, and non-signalling. However, without any constraints on the number of communication rounds between the parties, they can realize arbitrary correlations by exchanging only classical systems. We consider a multipartite scenario where the parties can engage in at most a single round of communication, i.e., each party is allowed to receive a system once, implement any local intervention on it, and send out the resulting system once. Taking our cue from Bell nonlocality in the "zero rounds" scenario, we propose a notion of nonclassicality---termed antinomicity---for correlations in scenarios with a single round of communication. Similar to the zero rounds case, we establish a strict hierarchy of correlation sets classified by their antinomicity in single-round communication scenarios. Since we do not assume a global causal order between the parties, antinomicity serves as a notion of nonclassicality in the presence of indefinite causal order (as witnessed by causal inequality violations). A key contribution of this work is an explicit antinomicity witness that goes beyond causal inequalities, inspired by a modification of the Guess Your Neighbour's Input (GYNI) game that we term the Guess Your Neighbour's Input or NOT (GYNIN) game. Time permitting, I will speculate on why antinomicity is a strong notion of nonclassicality by interpreting it as an example of fine-tuning in classical models of indefinite causality.This is based on joint work with Ognyan Oreshkov, arXiv:2307.02565.

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In the one-way model of measurement based quantum computing, unlike the quantum circuit model, a computation is driven not by unitary gates but by successive adaptive single-qubit measurements on an entangled resource state. So-called flow properties ensure that a one-way computation, described by a measurement pattern, is deterministic overall (up to Pauli corrections on output qubits). Translations between quantum circuits and measurement patterns have been used to show universality of the one-way model, verify measurement patterns, optimise quantum circuits, and more. Yet while it is straightforward to translate a circuit into a measurement pattern, the question of algorithmic "circuit extraction" -- how to translate general measurement patterns with flow to ancilla-free circuits -- had long remained open for all but the simplest type of flow. In this talk, we will recap the one-way model of quantum computing and then explain how the problem of circuit extraction was resolved using the ZX-calculus as a common language for circuits and measurement patterns. We also discuss applications.

There are well established conjectures about the symmetries of SIC-POVMs, and the number fields needed to construct them. If the dimension is of the form n^2 + 3 there is also an algorithm that allows us to calculate them, making use of Stark units in a subfield of the full number field. The algorithm works in the 72 dimensions where it has been tested. Joint work with (among others) Markus Grassl and Gary McConnell

The Heisenberg limit (HL) and the standard quantum limit (SQL) are two fundamental quantum metrological limits, which describe the scalings of estimation precision of an unknown parameter with respect to N, the number of one-parameter quantum channels applied. In the first part, we show the HL (1/N) is achievable using quantum error correction (QEC) strategies when the ``Hamiltonian-not-in-Kraus-span'' (HNKS) condition is satisfied; and when HNKS is violated, the SQL (1/N^1/2) is optimal and can be achieved with repeated measurements. In the second part, we identify modified metrological limits for estimating one-parameter qubit channels in settings of restricted controls where QEC cannot be performed. We prove unattainability of the HL and further show a ``rotation-generators-not-in-Kraus-span'' (RGNKS) condition that determines the achievability of the SQL.

Empirical evidence for a gap between the computational powers of classical and quantum computers has been provided by experiments that sample the output distribution of two-dimensional quantum circuits. Many attempts to close this gap have utilized classical simulations based on tensor network techniques, and their limitations shed light on the improvements to quantum hardware required to inhibit classical simulability. In particular, state of the art quantum computers having in excess of ~50 qubits are primarily vulnerable to classical simulation due to restrictions on their gate fidelity and their connectivity, the latter determining how many gates are required (and therefore how much infidelity is suffered) in generating highly-entangled states. Here, we describe numerical evidence for the difficulty of random circuit sampling in highly connected geometries.

Quantum computers operate by manipulating quantum systems that are particularly susceptible to noise. Classical redundancy-based error correction schemes cannot be applied as quantum data cannot be copied. These challenges can be overcome by using a variation of the quantum teleportation protocol to implement those operations which cannot be easily done fault-tolerantly. This process consumes expensive resources called 'magic states'. The vast quantity of these resources states required for achieving fault-tolerance is a significant bottleneck for experimental implementations of universal quantum computers. I will discuss a program of finding and classifying those quantum operations which can be performed with efficient use of magic state resources. I will focus on the understanding of not just qubits but also the higher-dimensional 'qudit' case. This is motivated by both practical reasons and for the resulting theoretical insights into the ultimate origin of quantum computational advantages. Research into these quantum operations has remained active from their discovery twenty-five years ago to the present. Our approach introduces the novel use of tools from algebraic geometry. The results in this talk will include joint work with Chen, Lautsch, and Bampounis-Barbosa.

Binary constraint system games are a generalization of the Mermin-Peres magic square game introduced by Cleve and Mittal. Thanks to the recent MIP*=RE theorem of Ji, Natarajan, Vidick, Wright, and Yuen, BCS games can be used to construct a proof system for any language in MIP*, the class of languages with a multiprover interactive proof system where the provers can share entanglement. This means that we can apply logical reductions for binary constraint systems to MIP* protocols, and also raises the question: how complicated do our constraint systems have to be to describe all of MIP*? In this talk, I'll give a general overview of this subject, including an application of logical reductions to showing that all languages in MIP* have a perfect zero knowledge proof system (joint work with Kieran Mastel), and one obstacle to expressing all of MIP* with linear constraints (joint work with Connor Paddock).

I will present some recent work on the interplay between contextuality, entanglement, and magic in multiqubit systems. Taking a foundational inquiry into entanglement in the Kochen-Specker theorem as our point of departure, I will proceed to outline some questions this raises about the role of these resources in models of multiqubit quantum computation. The purpose of this talk is to raise questions that can hopefully feed into the discussion sessions.

A universal and well-motivated notion of classicality for an operational theory is explainability by a generalized-noncontextual ontological model. I will here explain what notion of classicality this implies within the framework of generalized probabilistic theories. I then prove that for any locally tomographic theory, every such classical model is given by a complete frame representation. Using this powerful constraint on the space of possible classical representations, I will then prove that the stabilizer subtheory has a unique classical representation—namely Gross's discrete Wigner function. This provides deep insights into the relevance of Gross's representation within quantum computation. It also implies that generalized contextuality is also a necessary resource for universal quantum computation in the state injection model.

Quantum Darwinism proposes that the proliferation of redundant information plays a major role in the emergence of objectivity out of the quantum world. Is this kind of objectivity necessarily classical? We show that if one takes Spekkens’s notion of noncontextuality as the notion of classicality and the approach of Brandão, Piani, and Horodecki to quantum Darwinism, the answer to the above question is “‘yes,” if the environment encodes the proliferated information sufficiently well. Moreover, we propose a threshold on this encoding, above which one can unambiguously say that classical objectivity has emerged under quantum Darwinism.

We give a simple description of rectangular matrices that can be implemented by a post-selected stabilizer circuit. Given a matrix with entries in dyadic cyclotomic number fields $\mathbb{Q}(\exp(i\frac{2\pi}{2^m}))$, we show that it can be implemented by a post-selected stabilizer circuit if it has entries in $\mathbb{Z}[\exp(i\frac{2\pi}{2^m})]$ when expressed in a certain non-orthogonal basis. This basis is related to Barnes-Wall lattices. Our result is a generalization to a well-known connection between Clifford groups and Barnes-Wall lattices. We also show that minimal vectors of Barnes-Wall lattices are stabilizer states, which may be of independent interest. Finally, we provide a few examples of generalizations beyond standard Clifford groups. Joint work with Sebastian Schonnenbeck