Quantum Physics

Quantum theory can be thought of as a noncommutative generalization of Bayesian probability theory, but for the analogy to be convincing, it should be possible to describe inferences among quantum systems in a manner that is independent of the causal relationship between those systems. In particular, it should be possible to unify the treatment of two kinds of inferences: (i) from beliefs about one system to beliefs about another, for instance, in the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen or "quantum steering" phenomenon, and (ii) from beliefs about a system at one time to beliefs about that same system at another time, for instance, in predictions or retrodictions about a system undergoing dynamical evolution or undergoing a measurement. I will present a formalism that achieves such a unification by making use of "conditional quantum states", a noncommutative generalization of conditional probabilities. I argue for causal neutrality by drawing a comparison with a classical statistical theory with an epistemic restriction. (Joint work with Matthew Leifer).

We use the mathematical language of sheaf theory to give a unified treatment of non-locality and contextuality, which generalizes the familiar probability tables used in non-locality theory to cover Kochen-Specker configurations and more. We show that contextuality, and non-locality as a special case, correspond exactly to *obstructions to the existence of global sections*. We describe a linear algebraic approach to computing these obstructions, which allows a systematic treatment of arguments for non-locality and contextuality. A general correspondence is shown between the existence of local hidden-variable realizations using negative probabilities, and no-signalling. Maximal non-locality is generalized to maximal contextuality, and characterized in purely qualitative terms, as the non-existence of global sections in the support. Some ongoing work with Shane Mansfield and Rui Soares Barbosa is described, which identifies *cohomological obstructions* to the existence of global sections, opening the possibility of applying the powerful methods of cohomology to non-locality and contextuality.

We construct a class of entangled supersymmetric states which is used as a non-local resource in the CHSH game. This class of super entangled states is more non-local then maximally entangled states if the supersymmetric degrees of freedom are accessible to measurement. Consequently, we show that the winning probability for the CHSH game is greater than cos2(pi/8) corresponding to an expected value greater than Tsirelson's bound.

Classical constraints come in various forms: first and second class, irreducible and reducible, regular and irregular, all of which will be illustrated. They can lead to severe complications when classical constraints are quantized. An additional complication involves whether one should quantize first and reduce second or vice versa, which may conflict with the axiom that canonical quantization requires Cartesian coordinates. Most constraint quantization procedures (e.g., Dirac, BRST, Faddeev) run into difficulties with some of these issues and may lead to erroneous results. The Projection Operator Method involves no gauge fixing, no auxiliary variables of any kind, and can treat simultaneously any and all kinds of constraints. It also admits a phase space path integral formulation with similar features.

A family of probability distributions (i.e. a statistical model) is said to be sufficient for another, if there exists a transition matrix transforming the probability distributions in the former to the probability distributions in the latter. The so-called Blackwell-Sherman-Stein Theorem provides necessary and sufficient conditions for one statistical model to be sufficient for another, by comparing their "information values" in a game-theoretical framework. In this talk, I will extend some of these ideas to the quantum case. I will begin by considering the comparison of ensembles of quantum states in terms of their "information value" in quantum statistical decision problems. In this case, I will prove that one ensemble is "more informative" than another if and only if there exists a suitable processing of the former into the latter. I will then move on to the comparison of bipartite quantum states in terms of their "nonlocality value" in nonlocal games. In this case, I will prove that one bipartite state is "more nonlocal" than another if and only if the former can be transformed into the latter by local operations and shared randomness, arguing, moreover, that the framework provided by nonlocal games can be useful in understanding analogies and differences between the notions of quantum entanglement and nonlocality.

Wheeler's delayed choice (WDC) is one of the "standard experiments in foundations". It aims at the puzzle of a photon simultaneously behaving as wave and particle. Bohr-Einstein debate on wave-particle duality prompted the introduction of Bohr's principle of complementarity, ---`.. the study of complementary phenomena demands mutually exclusive experimental arrangements" . In WDC experiment the mutually exclusive setups correspond to the presence or absence of a second beamsplitter in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). A choice of the setup determines the observed behaviour. The delay ensures that the behaviour cannot be adapted before the photon enters MZI. Using WDC as an example, we show how replacement of classical selectors by quantum gates streamlines experiments and impacts on foundational questions. We demonstrate measurements of complementary phenomena with a single setup, where observed behaviour of the photon is chosen after it has been already detected. Spacelike separation of the setup components becomes redundant. The complementarity principle has to be reformulated --- instead of complementarity of experimental setups we now have complementarity of measurement results. Finally we present a quantum-controlled scheme of Bell-type experiments. To reach any of these conclusions in either classical or quantum setting a (simple) hidden variable model that represents the "reality" of "particle" and "wave" should be analyzed. The model is never fully exorcised but just pushed to have more and more conspiratorial set of assumptions.