Scientific Series

Emergent Modified Gravity (EMG) is a post-Einsteinian theory of canonical gravity. In this formulation, modified constraints are required to preserve an algebra of hypersurface deformation form and will in general imply modified structure functions. This procedure leads to the conclusion that spacetime is an emergent object with a nontrivial dependence on the gravitational phase space variables through the modified structure functions. Consistency conditions are imposed on the modified constraints and the emergent spacetime metric to ensure general covariance. The resulting modifications allowed by EMG go beyond those obtained from adding higher curvature terms and can result in nonpolynomial dependencies on extrinsic curvature components. In this talk, we discuss how a particular interpretation of such modifications as holonomy terms makes it possible to use EMG as a covariant framework for effective (loop) quantum gravity. We then focus on dynamical solutions of the spherically symmetric model which include nonsingular black holes, new effects to gravitational collapse, and MOND-like effects at intermediate scales.

The groundbreaking detection of gravitational waves from merging black holes has forever changed how we observe the Universe. Upcoming detectors, like the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA), will unlock new opportunities by allowing us to detect mergers between stellar-mass black holes (tens of solar masses) and supermassive black holes (SMBHs, millions to billions of solar masses). These fascinating events, known as extreme-mass-ratio inspirals (EMRIs), provide a wealth of information about the dynamics near SMBHs. A key formation channel for EMRIs involves weak gravitational interactions—two-body kicks—from surrounding stars and compact objects that gradually alter the small black hole's orbit, eventually driving it into the SMBH. However, the picture changes when we consider the presence of SMBH companions, which can induce high orbital eccentricities, further enhancing EMRI formation. In this talk, I will show that combining these two processes is crucial for understanding the progenitors of EMRIs. Moreover, I will demonstrate that SMBH binaries create EMRIs more efficiently than either process alone, making it truly rain black holes! This scenario results in a substantial stochastic gravitational wave background for future detectors like LISA. Finally, I will also discuss how this mechanism affects tidal disruption events and address the tantalizing question: Is it raining stars, too?

I'll discuss the representation theory of line operators in 3d holomorphic-topological theories, following recent work with Wenjun Niu and Victor Py. Examples of the line operators we have in mind include half-BPS lines in 3d N=2 supersymmetric theories (reinterpreted in a holomorphic twist). We compute the OPE of line operators, which endows the category with a meromorphic tensor product, and establish a perturbative nonrenormalization theorem for the OPE. Then, applying Koszul-duality methods of Costello and Costello-Paquette, we represent the category of lines as modules for a new sort of mathematical object, which we call a dg-shifted Yangian. This is an A-infinity algebra, with a chiral coproduct whose data includes a Maurer-Cartan element that behaves like an infinitesimal r-matrix. The structure is a cohomologically shifted version of the ordinary Yangians that represent lines in 4d holomorphic-topological theories.

Dark photons and axions are exciting candidates for dark matter, which may be observable through their couplings to electromagnetism or electrons. While many experimental programs have been developed to explore the wide range of parameter space over which these candidates may exist, the mass range corresponding to frequencies below a kHz has been seldom probed by laboratory experiments. In this talk, I will discuss two ongoing efforts to probe this region of parameter space. Both rely on the ability of dark-photon or axion dark matter to source an oscillating magnetic field signal inside an experimental apparatus. In the first case, this magnetic field signal is detected by observing its effect on magnetically levitated (Maglev) systems. The oscillating magnetic field signal sourced by dark matter can drive translational motion of a levitated superconductor or rotational motion of a levitated ferromagnet. As mechanical resonators, Maglev systems are naturally sensitive to lower frequencies, making them well-suited detectors for sub-kHz dark matter candidates. In the second case, we instead consider Earth as the experimental apparatus. That is, we search directly for the oscillating magnetic field signal using unshielded magnetometers located across the Earth's surface. Not only does the signal strength receive an enhancement from the large size of the Earth, but it is also correlated between independent measurements at different locations. I will discuss the search for this signal in existing publicly available magnetometer data maintained by the SuperMAG collaboration, as well as an independent experimental effort, known as SNIPE Hunt, to measure this signal in the field. I will show that both Maglev systems and unshielded magnetometers have the potential to set the leading laboratory constraints on dark-photon and axion dark matter in the sub-kHz regime.

Improving cosmological constraints from galaxy clustering presents several challenges, particularly in extracting information beyond the power spectrum due to the complexities involved in higher-order n-point function analysis. In this talk, I will introduce novel inference techniques that allow us to go beyond the state-of-the-art, not only by utilizing the galaxy trispectrum, a task that remains computationally infeasible with traditional methods, but also by accessing the full information encoded in the galaxy density field for the first time in cosmological analysis. I will present simulation-based inference (SBI), a powerful deep learning technique that enables cosmological inference directly from summary statistics in simulations, bypassing the need for explicit analytical likelihoods or covariance matrices. This is achieved using LEFTfield, a Lagrangian forward model based on the Effective Field Theory of Large Scale Structure (EFTofLSS) and the bias expansion, ensuring robustness on large scales. Furthermore, LEFTfield enables field-level Bayesian inference (FBI), where a field-level likelihood is used to directly analyze the full galaxy density field rather than relying on compressed statistics. I will conclude by exploring the question of how much cosmological information can be extracted at the field level through a comparison of σ8 constraints obtained from FBI, which directly uses the 3D galaxy density field, and those obtained from n-point functions via SBI.

What does it mean to specify a subregion in a diffeomorphism invariant fashion? This subtle question lies at the heart of many deep problems in quantum gravity. In this talk, we will explore a program of research aimed at answering this question. The two principal characters of the presentation are the extended phase space and the crossed product algebra. The former furnishes a symplectic structure which properly accounts for all of the degrees of freedom necessary to invariantly specify a subregion in gauge theory and gravity, while the latter serves as a quantization of this space into an operator algebra which formalizes the observables of the associated quantum theory. The extended phase space and the crossed product were originally motivated by the problems of the non-invariance/non-integrability of symmetry actions in naive subregion phase spaces, and the non-factorizability/divergence of entanglement entropy in naive subregion operator algebras. The introduction of these structures resolves these issues, while the correspondence between them unifies these resolutions. To illustrate the power of our framework, we demonstrate how the modular crossed product of semiclassical quantum gravity can be reproduced via this approach. We then provide some remarks on how this construction may be augmented in the non-perturbative regime, leading to the notion of a `fuzzy subregion'. We conclude with remarks on currently ongoing and future work, which includes applications to asymptotic and corner symmetries, quantum reference frames, generalized entropy, and the definition of quantum diamonds.

Higgs branches in theories with 8 supercharges change as one tunes the gauge coupling to critical values.  This talk will focus on six dimensional (0,1) supersymmetric theories in studying the different phenomena associated with such a change. Based on a Type IIA brane system, involving NS5 branes, D6 branes and D8 branes, one can derive a "magnetic quiver” which enables the construction of the Higgs branch using a “magnetic construction” or as a more commonly known object “3d N=4 Coulomb branch”.  Interestingly enough, the magnetic construction opens a window to a new set of Higgs branches which were not available using the well studied method of hyperkähler quotient.  It turns out that exceptional global symmetries are fairly common in the magnetic construction, and few examples will be shown. In all such cases there are strongly coupled theories where Lagrangian description fails, and the magnetic construction is helpful in finding properties of the theory.  Each Higgs branch can be characterized by a phase diagram which describes the different sets of massless fields around vacua. We will use such diagrams to study how Higgs branches change.  If time permits we will show an interesting exceptional sequence consisting of SU(3) — G2 — SO(7).

Pairwise difference learning (PDL) has recently been introduced as a new meta-learning technique for regression by Wetzel et al. Instead of learning a mapping from instances to outcomes in the standard way, the key idea is to learn a function that takes two instances as input and predicts the difference between the respective outcomes. Given a function of this kind, predictions for a query instance are derived from every training example and then averaged. This presentation focus on the classification version of PDL, proposing a meta-learning technique for inducing a classifier by solving a suitably defined (binary) classification problem on a paired version of the original training data. This presentation will also discuss an enhancement to PDL through anchor weighting, which adjusts the influence of anchor points based on the reliability and precision of their predictions, thus improving the robustness and accuracy of the method.  We analyze the performance of the PDL classifier in a large-scale empirical study, finding that it outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of prediction performance. Finally, we provide an easy-to-use and publicly available implementation of PDL in a Python package.

In the framework of Non-Equilibrium Field Theory, I will construct the effective influence functional — generator of non-equilibrium correlation functions — for a mechanical system with degrees of freedom living on a group (e.g. rigid body) interacting with a thermal bath at high temperature. I will derive the constraints on the influence functional following from the group symmetry structure and the DKMS symmetry — generalization of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. At the linear response level, group symmetry turns out to impose more constraints compared to DKMS. I will illustrate the general formalism with the diffusion in a Fermi gas and exhibit the large-N suppression of the non-linear response. Finally, I will introduce the Universal Bath — the generalization of the Caldeira-Leggett model. It is a dual field theory defined in one extra dimension that reproduces the classical non-equilibrium dynamics of the mechanical system. I will show that in the limit of Ohmic dissipation, when the temperature becomes the only relevant scale at play, the Universal Bath also reproduces the quantum corrections.

In order to understand many Quantum information aspects of the Ads/CFT correspondence, tensor network toy models of holography have been a useful and concrete tool. However, these models traditionally lack many features of their continuum counterparts, limiting their applicability in arguments about gravity. In this talk, I present a natural extension of the tensor network holography paradigm which rectifies some of these issues. Its direct inspiration originates in Loop Quantum Gravity, which allows not only lifting existing limitations of tensor networks, but also firmly grounds the models in the context of nonperturbative canonical quantum gravity.