Cosmology and Gravitation

The Drake Equation is a thought experiment whose purpose is to understand the ingredients necessary for life and advanced technological civilizations to exist on other worlds in our galaxy.  However, beyond reflecting on life on Earth we have no knowledge of many of these ingredients, such as the number of planets that have life, the number of with intelligent life, the number with advanced civilizations, and the lifetimes of these civilizations. In this talk I will review the Drake Equation and the biases that scientists have traditionally had in discussing this equation and how it has led to the current searches of biological and technological signatures. I will discuss how the Drake Equation looks different if we consider it through the lens of Indigenous methods and sciences and how these methods would lead to a dramatically different view of life in our Galaxy. 

Zoom link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/95952883179?pwd=a2lzaEc2UWJER2k2VmwzRVgvMVpoQT09

Information about the late-time Universe is imprinted on the small scale CMB as photons travel to us from the surface of last scattering. Several processes are at play and small scale fluctuations are very rich and non-Gaussian in nature. I will review some of the most important effects and I will focus on the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect and gravitational lensing. I will discuss how a combination of measurements can probe velocity fields at cosmological distances and inform us on cluster energetics. I will also show recent measurements of weak lensing of the CMB and how they can help us interpret intriguing discrepancies in cosmological parameters between the high and low redshift Universe.

Zoom link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/94451033605?pwd=Tkx4dHZTblMxUFJlZENyblJQVFo2dz09

The huge separation between the Planck scale and typical laboratory scales makes it extremely difficult to detect quantum gravitational effects; however, the situation is in principle much more favourable in cosmology. In particular, the Planck and Hubble scales were only separated by about 5 to 6 orders of magnitude during inflation. This motivates looking for present-day signatures of Planck-scale physics from the early universe. The question, then, is what quantum gravitational effects should we look for, and what are their observational signatures? Here I will discuss predictions for how a generic, quantum gravity-motivated, natural ultraviolet cutoff manifests in primordial power spectra. The cutoff is model-independent, both in the sense that it does not rely on a particular UV completion of quantum gravity, nor does it assume a particular model of inflation. The predicted signature consists of small oscillations that are superimposed on the conventional primordial power spectra, where the template waveform is parameterized by the location of the cutoff between the Planck and Hubble scales. This will allow experiments to place new rigorous bounds on the scale at which quantum gravity effects become important.

Since the 80s, radio sources have been observed to undergo extreme scattering events (ESEs): large, frequency dependent flux modulations due to scattering off the ISM. Recently, the study of these events has undergone a revived interest due to the increase in pulsar timing data, as well as the realization that FRBs will be scattered by the same structures in the ISM. Models of the structures responsible for ESEs range from spherical-cow approximations (e.g. simple Gaussian profiles) to more exotic models (e.g. plasma shells around compact dark matter). Here we present a new model in which ESEs are produced by corrugated sheets in the ISM, which, when projected onto the plane of the sky, generically form A3 cusp catastrophes. We will argue that this model naturally explains several features in scattering data, including observations of PSR 0834+06 and the original Fiedler et al. 0954+658 ESE.  Moreover, this model is consistent with models of pulsar scintillation and does not require exotic physics to explain. We will discuss potential applications to FRB cosmology that arise from the universality of this model.

Zoom link:  https://pitp.zoom.us/j/94260081028?pwd=Vm8zVUd5ak1saWJYZFZ3MWF0L3g2dz09

We examine the validity of the classical approximation of the waterfall phase transition in hybrid inflation from an effective field theory (EFT) point of view. The EFT is constructed by integrating out the waterfall field fluctuations, up to one-loop order in the perturbative expansion. Assuming slow-roll conditions are obeyed, right after the onset of the waterfall phase, we find the backreaction of the waterfall field fluctuations to the evolution of the system can be dominant. In this case the classical approximation is completely spoiled. We derive the necessary constraint that ensures the validity of the EFT.

Zoom Link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/96209675696?pwd=ZkZ2NGpRVW9vVkdaY1QrWG5GRFltdz09

String theory suggests the existence of multiple axion species forming what is known as an “axiverse”. The axions in this model are thought to have logarithmically-distributed masses extending far below 10^{-21} eV, leading to the presence of ultralight axions. The latter have astrophysical de Broglie wavelength and affect the cosmic structures in which they cluster by erasing small-scale features. In contrast to other ultralight or fuzzy dark matter models, the string axiverse allows for a mixed dark sector with a subdominant ultralight component. Trace amounts of ultralight axions have been shown alleviate some observational discrepancies in cosmology such as the missing satellite problem and the Hubble-S8 tensions. Using an effective field theory approach and data from the Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey, we reach the strongest constraints on the axion relic density for axions with masses below 10^{-25} eV. To study heavier axions, we develop a new algorithm capable of simulating the formation of large-scale structure in the presence of more than one axion species. Making use of this code, we isolate new observational features in the cosmic web which may help us detect the presence of a plenitude of axions with weak lensing surveys.

Zoom Link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/95089179013?pwd=NTBIeitScFRhYnBBSnlrcnoyVEhydz09

In the standard cosmological paradigm, the initial condition follows Gaussian statistics. At later times, gravitational evolution induces nonlinearities in the large-scale structure, information that was fully captured by the two-point statistics at the early times gets spread into higher-order statistics. Whilst current standard cosmological analyses have focused on two-point statistics, higher-order statistics help further to tighten constraints by breaking parameter degeneracies as well as to probe the primordial Universe. In this talk, I will present our recent progress on the N-point Correlation Function (NPCF), including an analytical Gaussian covariance formalism, a first detection of the 4-point correlation function from nonlinear structure formation. Finally, I will focus on our recent analysis of parity-odd mode using the data from Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (BOSS) and discuss the implication of parity-search at cosmological scales with large scale structure.

Zoom Link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/92321535422?pwd=VlF4cHpvUit4bmR0eXYyczI5Qmw4dz09

Understanding the reason behind the observed accelerating expansion of the Universe is one of the most notable puzzles in modern cosmology, and conceivably in fundamental physics. In the upcoming years, near future surveys will probe structure formation with unprecedented precision and will put firm constraints on the cosmological parameters, including those that describe properties of dark energy. In light of this, in the first part of my talk, I'm going to show a systematic extension of the Effective Field Theory of Dark Energy framework to non-linear clustering. As a first step, we have studied the k-essence model and have developed a relativistic N-body code, k-evolution.

I'm going to talk about the k-evolution results, including the effect of k-essence perturbations on the matter and gravitational potential power spectra and the k-essence structures formed around the dark matter halos. In the second part of my talk, I'm going to show that for some choice of parameters the k-essence non-linearities suffer from a new instability and blow up in finite time.

This talk is based on: arXiv:2204.13098, arXiv:2205.01055, arXiv:2107.14215, arXiv:2007.04968, arXiv:1910.01105, arXiv:1910.01104.

Zoom Link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/99797451101?pwd=dituM2d2MDFCbDgyVXJ4c2s1NVoyUT09

An exciting development in outer solar system studies is the discovery of a new class of Kuiper belt objects with orbits that lie outside that of Neptune and have semimajor axes in excess of 250 A.U. The alignment of the major axes of these objects and other orbital anomalies are the basis for the Planet Nine hypothesis that an undiscovered giant planet orbits the sun at a distance of around 500 A.U. We show that a modified gravity theory known as MOND (Modified Newtonian Dynamics) provides an alternative explanation for the observed alignment, owing to significant quadrupolar and octupolar terms in the MOND galactic field within the solar system that are absent in Newtonian gravity. Using the well-established secular approximation of solar system dynamics we predict a population of Kuiper belt objects whose major axes are aligned with the direction to the center of the galaxy and that have additional clustering in orbital parameters. These features are exhibited by known Kuiper belt objects of the newly discovered class in support of the MOND hypothesis. Thus MOND, originally developed to explain galaxy rotation without invoking dark matter, may also be observable in the outer solar system.

Inflation can be viewed as a natural "cosmological particle detector" which can probe energies as high as its Hubble scale. In this talk, I study the imprints of heavy relativistic particles during inflation on primordial correlators in situations where the scalar fluctuations have a reduced speed of sound. Breaking dS boosts allows new types of footprints of massive fields to emerge. In particular, I show that heavy particles that are lighter than Hubble divided by the speed of sound leave smoking gun imprints in the three-point function of curvature perturbations (due to the exchange of those fields) in the form of resonances in the squeezed limit which are vividly distinct from the previously explored signatures of heavy fields in de Sitter correlators. Throughout I use and extend the cosmological bootstrap techniques derived from locality, unitarity, and analyticity in order to find fully analytical formulae for the desired boost breaking correlators.

Next generation cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments and galaxy surveys will generate a wealth of new data with unprecedented precision on small scales. Correlations between CMB anisotropies and the galaxy density carry valuable cosmological information about the largest scales, creating novel opportunities for inference. It is possible to foresee a future where reconstruction of the gravitational weak-lensing potential, velocity fields and the remote quadrupole field will provide the most precise tests of fundamental physics. The use of the second-order effects in the CMB to extract this information motivate a strong push towards low noise, high resolution frontiers of the upcoming generation CMB experiments. In this talk, I will discuss the prospects to use small-scale kinetic and polarized Sunyaev Zel’dovich effects and the moving-lens effect, in cross-correlation with ongoing galaxy surveys, to extract cosmological information. 

Zoom Link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/91455862792?pwd=M1hFRDgyOXVKU1U4Z0pLcm1wZGdRQT09

I review a recent approach to connecting quantum gravity and the real world by deconstantizing the constants of nature, and using their conjugate as a time variable. This is nothing but a generalization of unimodular gravity. The wave functions are then packets of plane waves moving in a space that generalizes the Chern-Simons functional. For appropriate states they link up with classical cosmology in the appropriate limit. There are however deviations, namely during the matter to Lambda transition, raising the possibility that quantum gravity could be in action here and now. At the other extreme I show how this approach can be used to resolve the cosmological singularity, and perhaps more.

Zoom Link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/94010122575?pwd=L291eHNSOG1wZmpCL1lmWHVJaEwwdz09