Cosmology and Gravitation

The precision of current and future cosmological observations at Megaparsec scales demands a detailed understanding of the effects of baryonic processes on the clustering of matter at these scales. In this talk, I will explore how to use measurements of cosmic shear to constrain the impact of these processes on the total matter power spectrum. I will present forecasts demonstrating that shear measurements from Stage III surveys (such as DES and HSC) and beyond will be able to strongly constrain (or even rule out) current simulation-based implementations of baryonic physics (such as AGN feedback). These forecasts make use of a model-independent parametrization of the impact of baryons on the matter power spectrum, and marginalize over several key observational and theoretical systematics. The results indicate that cosmic shear can likely be used as a robust probe of the physics of galaxy formation, and provide an important observational input for future simulations or modeling efforts.

It has long been wondered to what extent the observable properties of an inhomogeneous universe will be measurably different from a corresponding FLRW model. Here, we use tools from numerical relativity to study the properties of photons traversing an inhomogeneous universe. We evolve the full, unconstrained Einstein field equations for a spacetime containing dust, with a spectrum of long-wavelength density perturbations similar to the observed one. We then integrate the optical scalar equations along paths through this numerical spacetime, with all paths terminating at an observer situated similarly to ourselves, and construct the resulting Hubble diagrams.

In this seminar, I will present two promising ways in which the cosmic microwave background (CMB) sheds light on critical uncertain physics and systematics of the large-scale structure.
       Shear calibration with CMB lensing (arXiv:1607.01761):
Realizing the full potential of upcoming weak lensing surveys requires an exquisite understanding of the errors in galaxy shape estimation. In particular, such errors lead to a multiplicative bias in the shear, degenerate with the matter density parameter and the amplitude of fluctuations. Its redshift-evolution can hide the true evolution of the growth of structure, which probes dark energy and possible modifications to general relativity. I will show that CMB lensing from a stage 4 experiment (CMB S4) can self-calibrate the shear for an LSST-like optical lensing experiment. This holds in the presence of photo-z errors and intrinsic alignment.
       Evidence for the kinematic Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (kSZ) effect (arXiv:1510.06442); cluster energetics:

Through the kSZ effect, the baryon momentum field is imprinted on the CMB. I will report significant evidence for the kSZ effect from ACTPol and peculiar velocities reconstructed from BOSS. I will present the prospects for constraining cluster gas profiles and energetics from the kSZ effect with SPT-3G, AdvACT and CMB S4. This will provide constraints for galaxy formation and feedback models.

Despite tremendous recent progress, gaps remain in our knowledge of our cosmic history. For example, we have yet to make observations of Cosmic Dawn or the subsequent Epoch of Reionization. Together, these represent the important period when the first stars and galaxies were formed, dramatically altering their surroundings in the process. Radio telescopes targeting the 21cm line will open up these crucial epochs to direct observations in the next few years, filling in a missing chapter in our cosmic story. I will review our recent results from the Precision Array to Probe the Epoch of Reionization (PAPER) experiment. These results have begun to shed light on heating processes during reionization. I will also motivate unconventional ideas in experiment design that have been proposed and implemented to deal with the unique technical challenges of 21cm cosmology. Cognizant of "lessons learned" from the current generation of instruments, I will describe our recently commenced Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA), including its forecasted promise to provide exquisite constraints on reionization astrophysics as well as on fundamental parameters such as the neutrino mass.

If we want a mechanism for the current cosmic expansion that is alternative to (and possibly more “natural” than) the cosmological constant, there exist intriguing proposals within the dark energy and modified gravity realm.

First, I will briefly review the status of one of the most promising ideas, massive gravity: cosmological solutions, some formal aspects and recent developments. Then, I will present recent work aimed at constraining such models with LSS probes. 

In the coming decade, ground based CMB telescopes could face a substantial upgrade, to so-called CMB-S4. There are two main science drivers behind this initiative: B-modes, and neutrino mass, and I will focus on the latter. Thought of more generally, constraints on neutrinos can be thought of as generic tests of dark matter. I will discuss the prospects for CMB-S4 in the dark sector, with emphasis on searches for axions and neutrinos. It will be possible to detect percent level departures from standard cold dark matter at many sigma over a wide range of scales: a vast improvement over Planck (+ existing ground based). A large part of the improvement over Planck comes from precision lensing measurements at high multipole. I will briefly discuss some technical challenges in this measurement, based on modelling of dark matter clustering in the non-linear regime.

In this talk, I will show how entropy perturbations created during a contracting phase and converted into adiabatic/curvature perturbations after a bounce form the dominant contribution to the observed temperature fluctuations in the CMB.
In [arXiv:1607.05663] we have studied two-field bouncing cosmologies in which primordial perturbations are created in either an ekpyrotic or a matter-dominated contraction phase. We then used a non-singular ghost condensate bounce model to follow the perturbations through the bounce into the expanding phase of the universe. In contrast to the adiabatic perturbations, which on large scales are conserved across the bounce, entropy perturbations can grow significantly during the bounce phase. If they are converted into adiabatic/curvature perturbations after the bounce, they typically form the dominant contribution to the observed temperature fluctuations in the microwave background, which can have several beneficial implications. For ekpyrotic models, this mechanism loosens the constraints on the amplitude of the ekpyrotic potential while naturally suppressing the intrinsic amount of non-Gaussianity. For matter bounce models, the mechanism amplifies the scalar perturbations compared to the associated primordial gravitational waves with the consequence that the tensor-to-scalar ratio is typically reduced by an order of magnitude or so, bringing it close to current observational bounds.

1. Beatrice Bonga, "Closed universes and the CMB",

Abstract:
Cosmic microwave background (CMB) observations put strong constraints on the spatial curvature via estimation of the parameter $\Omega_k$. This is done assuming a nearly scale-invariant primordial power spectrum. However, we found that the inflationary dynamics is modified due to the presence of spatial curvature leading to corrections to the primordial power spectrum. When evolved to the surface of last scattering, the resulting temperature anisotropy spectrum shows deficit of power at low multipoles ($\ell<20$). This may partially explain the observed $3 \sigma$ anomaly of power suppression for $\ell <30$. Since the curvature effects are limited to low multipoles, the estimation of cosmological parameters remains robust under inclusion of positive spatial curvature.

(This talk is based on http://arxiv.org/abs/1605.07556)

2. Keir Rogers, "Spin-SILC: CMB polarisation component separation for next-generation experiments",

Abstract:

B-mode polarisation is a powerful cosmological observable which in principle allows the detection of a stochastic background of gravitational waves predicted by inflation, and gives strong constraints on the neutrino sector using the weak gravitational lensing of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Astrophysical foregrounds present a formidable obstacle in extracting these signatures of new physics from CMB polarisation data. Indeed, recent forecasts for post-2020 CMB experiments predict one sigma constraints on, for example, the tensor-to-scalar ratio of about 10^-4 and the sum of neutrino masses of about 30 meV. However, these constraints are predicated on highly-accurate foreground and noise removal. I will present the first component separation method specifically developed for this task and tested on the latest-release Planck data. The method, Spin-SILC, is an internal linear combination algorithm that uses spin wavelets to fully analyse the spin polarisation signal P = Q + iU, where Q and U are the measured Stokes parameters. This allows all the information in the measured signal to be used in extracting the cosmological background. Furthermore, Spin-SILC is the first method to simultaneously and efficiently perform component separation and the E-B decomposition necessary for cosmological analyses thanks to the construction of the spin wavelets we use. Spin-SILC also uses the morphological information of the foregrounds and CMB to better localise the cleaning algorithm. This is because the wavelets we use are additionally directional, and, when convolved with signals on the sphere, can separate the filamentary structures which are characteristic of both the CMB and foregrounds. I will present the results of applying these novelties to Planck data and discuss further how Spin-SILC can also mitigate the E-B leakage problem of future CMB experiments.

We have great certainty on how gravity works around our solar system: General Relativity (GR) has been found to be very accurate at these small scales. On large scales though, we still have a considerable lack of understanding about the evolution of the universe, and its constituents. While the LCDM model is in good agreement with cosmological data, this might change in the future. For this reason, we need to test GR on these scales.

There are a number of proposals on how to characterize deviations from GR on larges scales, by parametrizing different cosmological evolutions of the universe - the PPF, EFT and EA approaches. The objective is to use experimental data to constrain these parameters, and thus identify the most accurate cosmological model. In this talk I will show an alternative, systematic and general, parametrization method, in which we construct the most general quadratic action for linear cosmological perturbations, given some field content and gauge symmetries. I will show the example of linearly diffeomorphism-invariant scalar-tensor theories, in which case the parametrization encompasses well-known theories such as Horndeski and Beyond Horndeski. The method can straightforwardly be applied to any gravity theory with any fields and gauge symmetries.

I will discuss how we constrain properties of the universe using two
tracers of large scale structure measured by the BOSS (Baryon
Oscillations Spectroscopic Experiment): galaxies and Lyman-alpha
forest. I will show recent results from baryonic acoustic oscillations
measured in both tracers and discuss cosmological implications. I
will briefly mention other measurements and consider forecasts for
quasar-forest bispectrum to constrain primordial non-Gaussianity.

We are currently in an era of precision cosmology, but is it an era of accurate cosmology? By measuring cosmological parameters with many independent probes we can convince ourselves that our measurements of the parameters are indeed correct. Thanks to recent progress, strong gravitational lensing is now a powerful probe of cosmology. In this talk I'll report on a measurement of H0 at 5% precision using two strongly lensed quasars and a 20% measurement on the equation of state of dark energy using a double source plane lens. I'll also present new results from a z=1 strong lensing cluster where the dark matter profile deviates significantly from the NFW profile that is predicted by cold dark matter simulations, but it is consistent with simulations of self-interacting dark matter. I'll finish by discussing how upcoming wide area surveys can provide hundreds of exotic strong lenses that can be used for precise and accurate cosmology over the next decade.

Spectral distortions of the CMB provide a powerful new probe of early Universe processes. Even if so far no average spectral distortion has been seen, LCDM does predict several signals that are within reach of current technology. In this talk, I will give a broad brush overview of our most recent understanding of the formation and evolution of distortions in the early Universe, highlighting guaranteed LCDM signals and what we hope to learn from them about the Universe we live in.