Scientific Series

It is well known that quantum information can be strictly localized in quantum field theory. Similarly, one can also localize information in classical gravity up to quantities like the ADM mass which are fixed by the constraints of general relativity. On the other hand, the holographic nature of quantum gravity suggests that information can never be localized deep inside some spacetime region, and is always accessible from the boundary. This is meant to hold as a non-perturbative statement and it remains to be understood whether quantum information can be localized within G_N perturbation theory. In this talk, I will address this problem from the point of view of the AdS/CFT correspondence. I will construct candidate local operators that can be used to localize information deep inside the bulk. They have the following two properties: they act just like standard HKLL operators to leading order at large N, but commute with the CFT Hamiltonian to all orders in 1/N. These operators can only be constructed in a particular class of states which have a large energy variance, for example coherent states corresponding to semi-classical geometries. The interpretation of these operators is that they are dressed with respect to a feature of the state, rather than to the boundary. I will comment on connections with black holes and computations of the Page curve.

Zoom link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/94678968773?pwd=NUJhOEJmRWxLa3pCVUtVVi9DdkE3QT09

In the early 1980s, axions and WIMPs were identified as promising dark matter candidates. The last forty years have seen a spectacularly successful experimental program attempting to discover the WIMPs, with sensitivity that has by now improved by many orders of magnitude compared to the earliest results. The parallel program to search for axions has made less progress and has reached the necessary sensitivity only over a very limited mass range. However, progress has recently accelerated, with the invention of many new axion detection techniques that may eventually provide a definitive answer to the question of whether the dark matter is made of axions. I will review some of these new developments with emphasis on Fermilab’s program, including ADMX- Extended Frequency Range and Broadband Reflector Experiment for Axion Detection (BREAD).

Zoom link:  https://pitp.zoom.us/j/97234421735?pwd=UGNJRWxYMkErRmdWSnJiWTdoOFNaZz09

I will describe a holographic model for the three dimensional de Sitter static patch where the boundary theory is the so called $T\bar{T}+\Lambda_2$ deformation of the conformal field theory dual to AdS_3 quantum gravity. This identification allows us to obtain the cosmic horizon entropy from a microstate count, and the microstates themselves are a dressed version of those that account for the entropy of certain black holes in AdS space. I will also show how the effect of this dressing at the cosmic horizon is to replace the spacetime dependence of the fields of the undeformed holographic CFT with dependence on the indices of large matrices.

Zoom link:  https://pitp.zoom.us/j/95396921570?pwd=NGFoOGlGY1ZDU2pnNFRwWit3b2w0Zz09

A gravitational wave from a binary black hole merger is an important probe to test gravity. Especially, the observation of ringdown may allow us to perform a robust test of gravity as it is a superposition of excited quasi-normal (QN) modes of a Kerr black hole. The excitation factor is an important quantity that quantifies the excitability of QN modes and is independent of the initial data of the black hole.

In this talk, I will show which QN modes can be important (i.e., have higher excitation factors) and will discuss how we can determine the start time of ringdown to maximally enhance the detectability of the QN modes. 

Also, I will introduce my recent conjecture on the modeling of ringdown waveform:

the thermal ringdown model in which the ringdown of a small mass ratio merger involving a spinning black hole can be modeled by the Fermi-Dirac distribution.

Zoom link:  https://pitp.zoom.us/j/96739417230?pwd=Tm00eHhxNzRaOEQvaGNzTE85Z1ZJdz09

Over the last decade, there have been many Perimeter efforts in the realm of EDI, and they have unquestionably enhanced the Institute’s culture. Paradoxically, some of these efforts have illuminated areas where we can do more, and there are still others to be addressed.  

In Perimeter’s short life, we’ve built a unique institution, with a culture characterized by intellectual fearlessness and excellence. Yet we can do even better. Our culture is connected to our research. We’re here to make breakthroughs in our understanding of our universe – and breakthroughs are made by thinking in new ways. We can’t afford to leave any great thinkers, or any great ideas, behind.  

In 2020, we embarked on a project to develop a coherent, concrete strategic plan to guide Perimeter’s efforts in EDI, in partnership with experts at Shift Health and the Laurier Centre for Women in Science. All members of the Perimeter community have been consulted to ensure that the final strategy is reflective of our whole community.  

Our actions to date are a step in an intentional and comprehensive effort to make Perimeter an institute where everyone can thrive and find a sense of belonging. 

Zoom link:  https://pitp.zoom.us/j/93399374837?pwd=QlBTSnluRk84L2x0eE0zYXlGQ0JFZz09

Generalized noncontextuality is a well-studied notion of classicality that is applicable to a single system, as opposed to Bell locality. It relies on representing operationally indistinguishable procedures identically in an ontological model. However, operational indistinguishability depends on the set of operations that one may use to distinguish two procedures: we refer to this set as the reference of indistinguishability. Thus, whether or not a given experiment is noncontextual depends on the choice of reference. The choices of references appearing in the literature are seldom discussed, but typically relate to a notion of system underlying the experiment. This shift in perspective then begs the question: how should one define the extent of the system underlying an experiment? Our paper primarily aims at exposing this question rather than providing a definitive answer to it. We start by formulating a notion of relative noncontextuality for prepare-and-measure scenarios, which is simply noncontextuality with respect to an explicit reference of indistinguishability. We investigate how verdicts of relative noncontextuality depend on this choice of reference, and in the process introduce the concept of the noncontextuality graph of a prepare-and-measure scenario. We then discuss several proposals that one may appeal to in order to fix the reference to a specific choice, and relate these proposals to different conceptions of what a system really is.

arXiv link:  https://arxiv.org/abs/2209.04469

Zoom link:  https://pitp.zoom.us/j/97393198973?pwd=dWhCOUJQLytxeXVIVmEvOHRnRHc1QT09

We present broadly applicable nonperturbative results on the behavior of eigenvalues and eigenvectors under the addition of self-adjoint operators and under the multiplication of unitary operators, in finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces. To this end, we decompose these operations into elementary 1-parameter processes in which the eigenvalues move similarly to the spheres in Newton's cradle. As special cases, we recover level repulsion and Cauchy interlacing. We discuss two examples of applications. Applied to adiabatic quantum computing, we obtain new tools to relate algorithmic complexity to computational slowdown through gap narrowing. Applied to information theory, we obtain a generalization of Shannon sampling theory, the theory that establishes the equivalence of continuous and discrete representations of information. The new generalization of Shannon sampling applies to signals of varying information density and finite length.

Zoom link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/94120657832?pwd=SmpsWFhhVCtyeXM3a0pVQU9lMGFLdz09

In non-relativistic systems, the Lieb-Robinson Theorem imposes an emergent speed limit (independent of the relativistic limit set by c), establishing locality under unitary quantum dynamics and constraining the time needed to perform useful quantum tasks. We have extended the Lieb-Robinson Theorem to quantum dynamics with measurements. In contrast to the general expectation that measurements can arbitrarily violate spatial locality, we find at most an (M+1)-fold enhancement to the speed of quantum information, provided the outcomes of M local measurements are known; this holds even when classical communication is instantaneous. Our bound is asymptotically optimal, and saturated by existing measurement-based protocols (the "quantum repeater").  Our bound tightly constrain the resource requirements for quantum computation, error correction, teleportation, generating entangled resource states (Bell, GHZ, W, and spin-squeezed states), and preparing SPT states from short-range entangled states.

Zoom Link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/95640053536?pwd=Z05oWlFRSEFTZWFRK2dwcHdsWlBBdz09

The supersymmetric index of N=4 SU(N) Super Yang-Mills is a well studied quantity. In 2104.13932, using the Bethe Ansatz approach, we analyzed some family of contributions to it. In the large N limit each term in this family has a holographic interpretation - it matches the contribution of a different Euclidean black hole to the partition function of the dual gravitational theory. By taking into account non-perturbative contributions (wrapped D3-branes, similar to Euclidean giant gravitons), we further showed a one to one match between the contributions of the gravitational saddles and this family of contributions to the index, both at the perturbative and non-perturbative levels. I'll end with newer results, concerning the form of these terms at finite N, new solutions to the Bethe Ansatz equations (i.e. additional contributions to the index beyond the ones described in that paper), and some ongoing effort to classify all the solutions to these equations.

Zoom Link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/95037315617?pwd=ell4WExrSXJ4YUVyaXAzRGJjdjYxUT09

With no hints of dark matter in the "classical WIMP" region of parameter space, experimentalists have begun searching in earnest for low mass (MeV-GeV scale) dark matter. However, efforts to probe this region of parameter space have been hindered by an unexpected and mysterious source of background events, dubbed the "low energy excess." Recently, mechanical stress has been shown to create a "low energy excess"-like source of events, and a microphysical picture of how stress creates this background is emerging. In addition to providing a path forward for low mass dark matter searches, these results may address several outstanding problems limiting the performance of superconducting quantum computers.

Zoom Link:  https://pitp.zoom.us/j/92147233613?pwd=RW5PaUNUZlE3SUNnTlZHaVFrdnV3dz09

I'll explain work in progress, joint with Miroslav Rapcak, on geometric constructions of vertex algebras associated to divisors in toric Calabi-Yau threefolds, in terms of moduli stacks of objects in certain exotic abelian subcategories of complexes of coherent sheaves on the underlying threefold. These vertex algebras were originally proposed by Gaiotto-Rapcak, and constructed mathematically in the example of affine space by Rapcak-Soibelman-Yang-Zhao, building on Schiffmann-Vasserot's proof of the AGT conjecture. We give a geometric explanation and generalization of the quivers with potential that feature in the latter results, and outline the analogous construction of vertex algebras in this setting.

Zoom link:  https://pitp.zoom.us/j/93749710253?pwd=Y3NUTHBXZ3FPQUdPU0E0d0ttVzFFdz09

I discuss novel symmetries of perturbation theory around rotating and non-rotating black holes in general relativity, and discuss their origins and implications for gravitational-wave astronomy. This is motivated by two special aspects of black hole perturbations in four dimensions: isospectrality of quasinormal modes and the vanishing of tidal Love numbers. There turn out to be off-shell symmetries underlying each of these phenomena. One is a duality, which on shell reproduces the famous Chandrasekhar duality and therefore underlies isospectrality, and can be thought of as an extension of electric-magnetic duality to black hole backgrounds. The other is a set of "ladder symmetries" relating modes of different angular momentum or spin, which imply the vanishing of Love numbers. This has a geometric origin in the conformal symmetry of low-frequency modes.

Zoom link:  https://pitp.zoom.us/j/93633894223?pwd=cEFRYno5WSt5NUJlOWJLdVZHWjE1QT09