Scientific Series

It is often assumed that the first evidence for direct dark matter detection will come from experiments probing spin-independent interactions, because of higher sensitivities due to coherence effects. We explore the possibility of models that would be invisible in such experiments, but detectable via spin-dependent interactions. The existence of much larger (or only) spin-dependent tree-level interactions is not sufficient, due to potential spin-independent subdominant or loop-induced interactions. We find that most models with detectable spin-dependent interactions would also generate detectable spin-independent interactions. Models in which a light pseudoscalar acts as the mediator seem to uniquely evade this conclusion. We present a viable dark matter model generating such an interaction.

TeV-scale models of quantum gravity predict the formation of mini black holes at the Large Hadron Collider. If these black holes can be treated, at least for part of their evolution, as semi-classical objects, they will emit Hawking radiation. In this talk we review the modeling of this evaporation process, particularly for the case when the black hole is rotating. A detailed understanding of the Hawking radiation is necessary for accurate simulations of black hole events at the LHC.

Emergent gravity scenarios have become increasingly popular in recent times. In this talk I will review some evidence in this sense and discuss some lessons from toy models based on condensed matter analogues of gravity. These lessons suggest some (possibly) general features of the emergent gravity framework which not only can be tested with current astrophysical observations but can also improve our understanding of cosmological puzzles such as the dark energy one. I shall review these tests and expectations and discuss the perspectives of this line of research and emergent gravity scenarios at large.

A new ensemble interpretation of quantum mechanics is proposed according to which the ensemble associated to a quantum state really exists: it is the ensemble of all the systems in the same quantum state in the universe. Individual systems within the ensemble have microscopic states, described by beables. The probabilities of quantum theory turn out to be just ordinary relative frequencies probabilities in these ensembles. Laws for the evolution of the beables of individual systems are given such that their ensemble relative frequencies evolve in a way that reproduces the predictions of quantum mechanics. These laws are highly non-local and involve a new kind of interaction between the members of an ensemble that define a quantum state. These include a stochastic process by which individual systems copy the beables of other systems in the ensembles of which they are a member. The probabilities for these copy processes do not depend on where the systems are in space, but do depend on the distribution of beables in the ensemble. Macroscopic systems then are distinguished by being large and complex enough that they have no copies in the universe. They then cannot evolve by the copy law, and hence do not evolve stochastically according to quantum dynamics. This implies novel departures from quantum mechanics for systems in quantum states that can be expected to have few copies in the universe. At the same time, we are able to argue that the centre of masses of large macroscopic systems do satisfy Newton's laws.

After quickly reviewing what we have learned about neutrinos during the past decade, I present an overview of different mechanisms responsible for non-zero neutrino masses, also discussing the possibility of experimentally deciding which one, if any, is correct.

One of the key features of the quantum Hall effect (QHE) is the fractional charge and statistics of quasiparticles. Fractionally charged anyons accumulate non-trivial phases when they encircle each other. In some QHE systems an unusual type of particles, called non-Abelian anyons, is expected to exist. When one non-Abelian particle makes a circle around another anyon this changes not only the phase but even the direction of the quantum-state vector in the Hilbert space. This property makes non-Abelian anyons promising for fault-tolerant quantum computation. Several experiments allowed an observation of fractional charges. Probing exchange statistics is more difficult and has not been accomplished for identical anyons so far. We will discuss how the statistics can be probed with Mach-Zehnder interferometry, tunneling experiments and far-from-equilibrium fluctuation-dissipation theorem.

I will discuss the growth of entanglement under a quantum quench at point contacts of simple fractional quantum Hall fluids and its relation with the measurement of local observables. Recently Klich and Levitov recently proposed that, for a free fermion system, the noise generated from a local quantum quench provides a measure of the entanglement entropy. In this work, I will examine the validity of this proposal in the context of a strongly interacting system, the Laughlin FQH states. We find that local quenching in fractional quantum Hall junctions gives time dependent correlation functions that have universal behavior on sufficiently long time and length scales. The growth of entanglement entropy and the noise generated by the quench are generally unrelated quantities.

We begin with a fundamental approach to quantum mechanics based on the unitary representations of the group of diffeomorphisms of physical space (and correspondingly, self-adjoint representations of a local current algebra). From these, various classes of quantum configuration spaces arise naturally. One obtains in addition the usual exchange statistics for spatial dimension d >2, induced by representations of the symmetric group, while for d = 2, the approach led to an early prediction of intermediate or “anyonic” statistics induced by unitary representations of the braid group. After reviewing these ideas, which are based on joint work with R. Menikoff and D. H. Sharp at Los Alamos National Laboratory, we shall discuss briefly some analogous possibilities for infinite-dimensional configuration spaces, including anyonic statistics for extended objects in 3-dimensional space.

Mass, a concept familiar to all of us, is also one of the deepest mysteries in nature. Almost all of the mass in the visible universe, you, me and any other stuff that we see around us, emerges from QCD, a theory with a negligible microscopic mass content. How does QCD and the family of gauge theories it belongs to generate a mass? This class of non-perturbative problems remained largely elusive despite much effort over the years. Recently, new ideas based on compactification have been shown useful to address some of these. Two such inter-related ideas are circle compactifications, which avoid phase transitions and large-N volume independence. Through the first one, we realized the existence of a large-class of "topological molecules", e.g. magnetic bions, which generate mass gap in a class of compactified gauge theories. The inception of the second, the idea of large-N volume independence is old. The new progress is the realization of its first working examples. This property allows us to map a four dimensional gauge theory (including pure Yang-Mills) to a quantum mechanics at large-N.

Using the framework of deconstruction, we construct simple, weakly-coupled supersymmetric models that explain the Standard Model flavor hierarchy and produce a flavorful soft spectrum compatible with precision limits. Electroweak symmetry breaking is fully natural/ the mu-term is dynamically generated with no B mu-problem and the Higgs mass is easily raised above LEP limits without reliance on large radiative corrections. These models possess the distinctive spectrum of superpartners characteristic of 'effective supersymmetry': the third generation superpartners tend to be light, while the rest of the scalars are heavy.

I will describe the current state of our attempts to characterize the nature of the Dark Energy, the name given to the unknown phenomenology that is driving the observed accelerating cosmic expansion. There is a historical analogy between our current situation and the days of confusion before the advent of quantum mechanics. But while quantum physics emerged in a single academic generation, I fear that our attaining a deeper understanding of Dark Energy may not be as rapid. I will outline some steps we can take to try to avoid an extended period of sophisticated confusion and intellectual stagnation.