Scientific Series

Gravitational lensing by matter clumps can magnify various transient bursts in the sky, making them more detectable from the high redshift Universe. For one example, chirping gravitational waves from stellar-mass black hole binary mergers, as first detected by LIGO recently, can appear louder due to intervening galaxies. In the absence of electromagnetic counterpart, as I will discuss, lensing magnification can bias the determination of binary mass and redshift, which needs to be corrected for when testing source evolution and formation models through event statistics. As another example, compact dark matter of masses 10-100 solar masses can gravitationally lens fast radio bursts, creating double-peaked time-domain signature with a resolvable time delay on the order of milliseconds. I discuss that forthcoming fast radio burst surveys can directly probing this interesting mass range for compact dark matter by detecting 10^4 bursts per year.

In the last few years, we have made remarkable progress in understanding the properties of our observable Universe which appears to have evolved from a hot Big Bang 13.7 billion years ago. The fine-tuning of initial conditions required to reproduce our present day Universe suggests that our Universe may merely be a region within an eternally inflating super-region. Many other regions could exist beyond our observable Universe with each such region governed by a different set of physical parameters than the ones we have measured for our Universe. Collision between these regions, if they occur, should leave signatures of anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background. I will present our analysis of the Planck data which had led to the detection of spectral anisotropies at the location of some high-latitude cold spots associated with the CMB. I will argue that the excess emission may be due to enhanced Hydrogen Paschen-series emission from the epoch of recombination. The strength of the emission would favor a collision with an alternate Universe with a much higher baryon to photon ratio than our own and suggest an anthropic explanation for the value of the cosmological constant. Future, observational tests of this hypothesis will also be discussed.

We numerically investigate the expansion of clouds of hard-core bosons in a 2D square lattice using a matrix-product state based method. This non-equilibrium setup is induced by quenching a trapping potential to zero and is specifically motivated by an experiment with ultracold atoms [1]. As the anisotropy for hopping amplitudes in different spatial directions is varied from 1D to 2D, we observe a crossover from a fast ballistic expansion in the 1D limit to much slower dynamics in the isotropic 2D lattice [2].

Introducing a site-dependent disorder potential allows to study many body localization (MBL). In a very recent experiment, the melting of a domain wall gave evidence for an MBL transition in 2D [3]. We study 1D and quasi-1D models, for which the phase diagram in the presence of disorder is known, such as the Anderson insulator, Aubry-Andre model and interacting fermions in 1D and on a two-leg ladder [4]. By considering several observables, we demonstrate that the domain wall melting can indeed yield quantitative information on the transition from an ergodic to the MBL phase as a function of disorder.

[1] J. P. Ronzheimer et al., PRL 110, 205301 (2013) [2] J. Hauschild et al., PRA 92, 053629 (2015) [3] J. Choi et al., arXiv:1604.04178 (2016) [4] J. Hauschild et al., in preparation

Entanglement is both a central feature of quantum mechanics and a powerful tool for studying quantum systems. Even empty spacetime is a highly entangled state, and this entanglement has the potential to explain puzzling thermodynamic properties of black holes. In order to apply the methods of quantum information theory to problems in gravity we have to confront a more fundamental question: what is a local subsystem, and what are its physical degrees of freedom? I will show that local subsystems in gravity come with new physical degrees of freedom living on the boundary, as well as new physical symmetries. These structures offer us new insight into how spacetime is entangled, and a new perspective on the problem of quantizing gravity.

In this talk I will: 1) review the results of my work on a geometric approach to foundations for a postquantum information theory; 2) discuss how it is related to other foundational approaches, including some resource theories of knowledge and quantum histories; 3) present some of my research on a category theoretic framework for a multi-agent information relativity. More details on part 1: this approach does not rely on probability theory, spectral theory, or Hilbert spaces. Normalisation of states, convexity, and tensor products are allowed but not assumed foundationally. Nonlinear generalisation of quantum kinematics and dynamics is constructed using geometric structures (quantum relative entropies and Banach Lie--Poisson structure) over the sets of quantum states on W*-algebras. In particular, unitary evolution is generalised to nonlinear hamiltonian flows, while Lueders' rules are generalised to constrained relative entropy maximisations. Combined together, they provide a framework for causal inference that is a generalisation and replacement for completely positive maps, with information dynamics determined directly by epistemic constraints, and no requirement for lack of correlation. Orthodox probability theory and quantum mechanics are special cases of this framework. I will also give the progress report on the reconstruction conjecture: given the category of sets of abstract "states" equipped with the suitably defined entropic distances and BLP structure, how one reconstructs the W*-algebraic case? The discussion of the consistent operational semantics for this approach will lead us to the parts 2 and 3.

In the study of closed quantum system, the simple harmonic oscillator is ubiquitous because all smooth potentials look quadratic locally, and exhaustively understanding it is very valuable because it is exactly solvable.  Although not widely appreciated, Markovian quantum Brownian motion (QBM) plays almost exactly the same role in the study of open quantum systems.  QBM is ubiquitous because it arises from only the Markov assumption and linear Lindblad operators, and it likewise has an elegant and transparent exact solution. QBM is often introduced with specific non-Markovian models like Caldeira-Leggett, but this makes it very difficult to see which phenomena are universal and which are idiosyncratic to the model.  Like frictionless classical mechanics or nonrenormalizable field theories, the exact Markov property is aphysical, but handling this subtlety is a small price to pay for the extreme generality.   The widest class of QBM dynamics is symplectic invariant and includes Einstein-Smoluchowski diffusion, damped harmonic oscillations, and pure spatial decoherence as special cases, whose close relationship is often obscured. 

In previous work it has been observed that the singularity structure of multi-loop scattering amplitudes in planar N=4
super-Yang-Mills theory is evidently dictated by cluster algebras. In my talk I will discuss the interplay between this mathematical
observation and the physical principle that the singularities of Feynman integrals are encoded in the Landau equations.

Effective field theories (EFT) are everywhere in particle physics. Given an EFT, the first question we ask is “what are all the operators consistent with the symmetries and degrees of freedom at a particular expansion order? In this talk I will show how this question can be attacked, and often answered, using an object called a Hilbert series.

I will discuss the recent progress on understanding scattering amplitudes in N=4 SYM beyond the planar limit. I will show that the singularity structure of these amplitudes is very similar to the planar amplitudes suggesting new hidden symmetries to be present in the complete N=4 SYM theory. I will also talk about the extension of this work to N=8 SUGRA by studying the on-shell diagrams in this theory as well as some of the properties of the integrands of loop amplitudes.