Scientific Series

I will discuss constraints on the S-matrix of gapped, Lorentz invariant quantum field theories due to crossing symmetry, analyticity and unitarity.  In particular I will bound cubic couplings, quartic couplings and scattering lengths relevant for the elastic scattering amplitude of two identical scalar particles. After a warm-up in 1+1 dimensions I will move to 3+1 dimensions.  In the cases where the results can be compared with results in the older S-matrix literature they are in excellent agreement.

Gravitational waves from the mergers of five binary black holes and one binary neutron star were detected in the past two years by the advanced LIGO and Virgo detectors. These detections allowed our Universe to be observed in gravitational waves for the first time, and they have tested the predictions of general relativity for dynamical and strongly gravitating systems. I will discuss these results and also highlight a few additional examples of ways in which gravitational waves can shed light on open questions in theoretical physics and astrophysics. One involves the gravitational-wave memory effect, which is a constant change in the gravitational-wave strain produced by the energy that gravitational waves and matter carry away from an isolated system. I will describe the challenges in detecting the memory with LIGO and Virgo, and how the memory is related to the symmetries and conserved quantities of isolated gravitating systems. A second involves using precision astrometry to detect a stochastic background of gravitational waves from astrophysical, and potentially even cosmological, sources. With the upcoming data release from the Gaia mission, it will likely be possible to place improved constraints on the stochastic background at frequencies higher than those coming from the cosmic microwave background, but below those of pulsar timing searches. I will show how these constraints can be determined. Finally, I will discuss gravitational waves from a compact object orbiting an intermediate mass black hole surrounded by a dark matter spike. I will describe how details about the dark matter distribution can be imprinted in the emitted gravitational waves.

Stabilizer states are a rich class of quantum states which can be efficiently classically represented and manipulated. In this talk I will describe some ways in which they can help us to represent and manipulate more general quantum states. I will discuss classical simulation algorithms for quantum circuits which are based on expressing a quantum state as a superposition of (as few as possible) stabilizer states.

Based on arXiv:1601.07601 (with Sergey Bravyi) and work in progress with Sergey Bravyi, Dan Browne, Padraic Calpin, Earl Campbell and Mark Howard.

One of the most enduring mysteries in particle physics is the nature of the non-baryonic dark matter that makes up 85% of the matter in the universe. For several decades, most searches for this mysterious substance have focused on Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs). Recently, there has been a surge in theoretical interest in ultra-light-field dark matter candidates, including QCD axions (spin 0 bosons) and hidden photons (spin 1 bosons), which can be probed through their coupling to electromagnetism or nuclear spin. I will discuss general principles of efficiently searching for the direct detection of the electromagnetic coupling of these candidates, how the sensitivity of these experiments can be improved by the exploitation of quantum correlations in the electromagnetic signals that they produce, and describe the Dark Matter Radio, and experiment searching for axions and hidden photons in the frequency range of 1 kHz through 100 MHz.

In this talk I will discuss recently-identified classes of quantum correlations that go beyond nonlocal classical hidden-variable models equipped with communication. First, in the bipartite scenario, I will focus on so-called instrumental causal networks, which are a primal tool in causal inference. There, I will show that it is possible to “fake” classical causal influences with quantum common causes, in a formal sense quantified by the average causal effect (ACE). Furthermore, I will show that it is possible to violate instrumental inequalities with quantum resources, both in the device-independent and in the 1-sided device-independent settings. Second, in the multipartite setting, I will present a causal hierarchy of multipartite nonlocality. I will make special emphasis on quantum correlations in the upper classes of the hierarchy that define stronger forms of genuinely multipartite quantum non-locality than those previously known. The seminar will touch upon concepts like Bell nonlocality and quantum steering as well as Bayesian nets and causal inference.

We derive constraints on the operator product expansion of two stress tensors in conformal field theories (CFTs). In large N CFTs with a large gap to single-trace higher spin operators, we show that the coupling of two stress tensors to other single-trace operators ("TTO") is suppressed by powers of the higher spin gap, dual to the mass scale of higher spin particles in AdS. The absence of light higher spin particles is thus a necessary condition for the existence of a consistent truncation to general relativity in AdS. We are led to propose that, in general, the inverse gap scale is the CFT "dual" of an AdS derivative in a classical action. These results are derived by imposing unitarity on mixed systems of spinning four-point functions in the Regge limit. Using the same method, but without imposing a large gap, we derive new inequalities on TTO-type couplings valid in any CFT.

If a black hole horizon has its microscopic structure as is conjectured by the candidates of quantum gravity, the dispersion relation of gravitational waves (GWs) near the horizon may be drastically modified since its wavelength can be comparable to the size of the microscopic structure because of its infinite gravitational blue-shift near the horizon.  We investigate ringdown-GWs from a perturbed black hole with such a modified dispersion relation and found that the change of modified dispersion relation near the horizon would lead to the partial reflection of infalling GWs at the horizon and echo-signals may appear in the late-time of ringdown-GWs. This implies that the echoes can be a supporting evidence of the existence of microscopic degrees of freedom on black hole horizons.

Singularities, boundary points of spacetime beyond which no extension is possible, continue to intrigue both mathematicians and physicists since they are places where our current understanding of physical law breaks down. The question of whether they exist in physical situations is still an open one. Fifty years ago, Hawking and Penrose developed the first general model independent singularity theorems. These theorems showed that singularities have to exist in any spacetime that satisfies certain properties. Some of these properties are mild assumptions but others, called energy conditions, depend on matter content and are more problematic. For both classical and quantum fields, violations of these conditions can be observed in some of the simplest of cases. Therefore there is a need to develop theorems with weaker restrictions, namely energy conditions averaged over an entire geodesic and quantum inequalities, weighted local averages of energy densities. In this work we investigate the strong energy condition in the presence of both classical and quantum non-minimally coupled scalar fields and derive bounds in each case. In the quantum case these bounds take the form of a set of state-dependent quantum energy inequalities valid for the class of Hadamard states. Finally, we show how the quantum inequalities derived can be used as an assumption to a modified Hawking singularity theorem.

Cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments, which currently provide some of the most powerful cosmological data sets, will become much more constraining in the near future. While these measurements promise to teach us more about the nature of dark energy, inflation and neutrino physics, increased precision will require special attention dedicated to the data analysis. In this talk I will focus on the gravitational lensing of the CMB and some of its implications. By introducing a novel analysis technique, applying it to the Planck satellite data and commenting on improvements which will be possible with a CMB Stage 4 experiment, I will first show how we can utilize CMB gravitational lensing to probe self-consistency of the CMB data sets. Then I will overview how gravitational lensing induces non-Gaussian covariances between the CMB data and how these covariances affect constraints on the cosmological parameters.

Factorization spaces (introduced by Beilinson and Drinfeld as "factorization monoids") are non-linear analogues of factorization algebras. They can be constructed using algebro-geometric methods, and can be linearised to produce examples of factorization algebras, whose properties can be studied using the geometry of the underlying spaces. In this talk, we will recall the definition of a factorization space, and introduce the notion of a module over a factorization space, which is a non-linear analogue of a module over a factorization algebra. As an example and an application, we will introduce a moduli space of principal G-bundles with parabolic structures, and discuss how it can be linearised to recover modules of the factorization algebra associated to the affine Lie algebra corresponding to a reductive algebraic group G.

This is based on my joint work with Yaping Yang. In this talk, we use the equivariant elliptic cohomology theory to study the elliptic quantum groups.  We define a sheafified elliptic quantum group for any symmetric Kac-Moody Lie algebra. This definition is naturally obtained using the cohomological Hall algebra associated to the equivariant elliptic cohomology. After taking suitable rational sections, the sheafified elliptic quantum group becomes a quantum algebra consisting of the elliptic Drinfeld currents. The Drinfeld currents satisfy the relations of the elliptic quantum group studied by Felder and Gautam-Toledano Laredo. We show the elliptic quantum group acts on the equivariant elliptic cohomology of Nakajima quiver varieties.

In particular, the sheafified elliptic quantum group is an algebra object in a certain monoidal category of sheaves on the colored Hilbert scheme of an elliptic curve. This monoidal structure is related to Mirkovic’s refinement of the factorization structure on semi-infinite affine Grassmannian over an elliptic curve. If time permits, I will also talk about a work in progress, joint with Mirkovic and Yang, towards a construction of a double loop Grassmannian and vertex representations of the toroidal algebra, which in turn is related to representations of the elliptic quantum groups

Although entanglement harvesting was first posited over 25 years ago, it is only in recent years that this phenomenon has been the subject of active study. The basic idea of entanglement harvesting is to transfer correlations from the vacuum of some quantum field to a pair of detectors. The result provides a new probe of the structure of spacetime via quantum correlations. I shall describe recent work on some of the first results in harvesting entanglement in curved spacetime, in particular anti de Sitter spacetime and black holes.