Scientific Series

Embezzlement of entanglement is the (impossible) task of producing an entangled state from a product state via a local change of basis, when a suitable catalytic entangled state is available.  The possibility to approximate this task was first observed by van Dam and Hayden in 2002.  Since then, the phenomenon is found to play crucial roles in many aspects of quantum information theory.  In this colloquium, we will explain various methods to embezzlement entanglement and explore applications (such as an extension to approximately violate other conservation laws, a Bell inequality that cannot be violated maximally with finite amount of entanglement, consequences for resource theories, and the quantum reverse Shannon theorem).

Trisections were introduced by Gay and Kirby in 2013 as a way to study 4-manifolds. They are similar in spirit to a common tool in a lower dimension: Heegaard splittings of 3-manifolds. In both cases, one understands a manifold by examining the ways that standard building blocks can be put together. They both also have the advantage of changing problems about manifolds into problems about diagrams of curves on surfaces. This talk will be a relaxed introduction to these decompositions.

We discover an infinite hierarchical web of the products of supersymmetric generators sustained by the superconformal Virasoro algebra. This hierarchy structure forms the mathematical foundation underpinning the explicit derivation of the character for the self-symmetric Ramond highest weight $c/24$. To consistently fit these exact results into the modular-invariant torus partition function, we advocate a necessary augmentation of the representation theory in the original Friedan--Qiu--Shenker construction via symmetrizing the ground-state manifold associated with the $c/24$ Verma module. Under the newly-proposed scheme, we invoke a quantum-interference mechanism between the two independent Ishibashi states to construct the boundary Cardy states for the whole family of the $\mathcal{N}=1$ superconformal minimal series, based on which the extra fusion channels are unveiled through the obtained Verlinde formula. Our work thus provides the first complete solution to this thirty-year-old question.

Black hole (more generally, horizon) thermodynamics is a window into quantum gravity. Can horizon thermodynamics---and ultimately quantum gravity---be quasi-localized? A special case is the static patch of de Sitter spacetime, known since the work of Gibbons and Hawking to admit a thermodynamic equilibrium interpretation. It turns out this interpretation requires that a negative temperature is assigned to the state. I'll discuss this example, and its generalization to all causal diamonds in maximally symmetric spacetimes. This story includes a Smarr formula and first law of causal diamonds, analogous to those of black hole mechanics. I’ll connect this first law to the statement that generalized entropy in a small diamond is maximized in the vacuum at fixed volume.

In 2012, Maulik proved a conjecture of Oblomkov-Shende relating: (1) the Hilbert schemes of a plane curve (alternatively, its compactified Jacobian), (2) the HOMFLY polynomials of the links of its singularities. We recast his theorem from the viewpoint of representation theory. For a split semisimple group G with Weyl group W, we state a stronger conjecture relating two virtual modules over Lusztig's graded affine Hecke algebra,  constructed from: (1) fibers of a parabolic Hitchin map, (2) generalized Bott-Samelson spaces attached to conjugacy classes in the braid group of W. In arbitrary type, we can establish an infinite family of cases where it holds. Time permitting, we'll indicate how the new conjecture relates to P = W phenomena in nonabelian Hodge theory.

The n-point correlation functions (n>2) of primordial fluctuations, known as primordial non-Gaussianities, encode rich information about the physical degrees of freedom and their interactions at inflation scale, and can be viewed as signals from a cosmological collider with huge energy. In this talk we introduce recent theoretical attempts to extract new physics at the inflation scale from primordial non-Gaussianities, including possible discovery channels, the background signals from the standard model, and signals from new physics such as heavy neutrinos, and a possible way to turn inflation into a Higgs collider.

The history of the baryonic (normal) matter in the universe is an excellent probe of the  formation of cosmic structures and the evolution of galaxies.  Over the last decade, considerable effort has gone into investigating the physics of baryonic material, particularly after the epoch of Cosmic Dawn: signalling the birth of the earliest stars and 
galaxies --- widely considered the ‘final frontier’ of observational cosmology today. The technique of (line) ‘intensity mapping’ (IM) has emerged as a powerful tool to explore this phase of the universe by measuring the integrated emission from sources over a broad range of frequencies. I will overview my current research on the mapping of atomic hydrogen over 12  billion years of cosmic time, based on a data-driven framework developed for interpreting current and future IM observations. I will then describe extensions of this approach which provide a comprehensive picture of molecular gas evolution, and interpret results from ongoing observations. This opens up the exciting potential of constraining fundamental physics from Cosmic Dawn.

Tensor models exhibit a melonic large $N$ limit: this is a non trivial family of Feynman graphs that can be explicitly summed in many situations. In $d$ dimensions, they give rise to a new family of conformal field theories and provide interesting examples of the renormalization group flow from a free theory in the UV to a melonic large $N$ CFT in the IR. 

We consider here a bosonic tensor model in rank three and $d<4$ dimensions. After giving a short introduction to tensor models, I will present the renormalization group flow of the model. At leading order in $1/N$ but non perturbatively in the coupling constants, we found a real and infrared fixed point.

Ground-based gravitational wave observatories have begun to uncover a large number of compact binary coalescences in the universe through gravitational wave signals. I will discuss novel and effective techniques we have developed recently to analyze the publicly available LIGO/Virgo bulk strain data from scratch. Built on simple ideas and easy to implement, those address the questions of template bank construction, signal processing, trigger ranking, and fast parameter estimation. Applying those techniques, we searched for compact binary mergers during the LIGO/Virgo O1 and O2 runs, and detected a few binary black hole mergers in addition to what have been reported in the literature.

We study approximate quantum low-density parity-check (QLDPC) codes, which are approximate quantum error-correcting codes specified as the ground space of a frustration-free local Hamiltonian, whose terms do not necessarily commute. Such codes generalize stabilizer QLDPC codes, which are exact quantum error-correcting codes with sparse, low-weight stabilizer generators (i.e. each stabilizer generator acts on a few qubits, and each qubit participates in a few stabilizer generators). Our investigation is motivated by an important question in Hamiltonian complexity and quantum coding theory: do stabilizer QLDPC codes with constant rate, linear distance, and constant-weight stabilizers exist? We show that obtaining such optimal scaling of parameters (modulo polylogarithmic corrections) is possible if we go beyond stabilizer codes: we prove the existence of a family of [[N,k,d,ε]] approximate QLDPC codes that encode k = Ω(N/polylog N) into N physical qubits with distance d = Ω(N/polylog N) and approximation infidelity ε = 1/polylog N. We prove the existence of an efficient encoding map, and we show that arbitrary Pauli errors can be locally detected by circuits of polylogarithmic depth. Finally, we show that the spectral gap of the code Hamiltonian is Ω(N^(-3.09)) (up to polylog(N) factors) by analyzing a spacetime circuit-to-Hamiltonian construction for a bitonic sorting network architecture that is spatially local in polylog(N) spatial dimensions. (Joint work with Elizabeth Crosson, Chinmay Nirkhe, and Henry Yuen, arXiv:1811.00277)

Einstein is well known for his rejection of quantum mechanics in the form it emerged from the work of Heisenberg, Born and Schrodinger in 1926. Much less appreciated are the many seminal contributions he made to quantum theory prior to his final scientific verdict: that the theory was at best incomplete. In this talk I present an overview of Einstein’s many conceptual breakthroughs and place them in historical context. I argue that Einstein, much more than Planck, introduced the concept of quantization of energy in atomic mechanics. Einstein proposed the photon, the first force-carrying particle discovered for a fundamental interaction, and put forward the notion of wave-particle duality, based on sound statistical arguments 14 years before De Broglie’s work. He was the first to recognize the intrinsic randomness in atomic processes, and introduced the notion of transition probabilities, embodied in the A and B coefficients for atomic emission and absorption. He also preceded Born in suggesting the interpretation of wave fields as probability densities for particles, photons, in the case of the electromagnetic field. Finally, stimulated by Bose, he introduced the notion of indistinguishable particles in the quantum sense and derived the condensed phase of bosons, which is one of the fundamental states of matter at low temperatures. His work on quantum statistics in turn directly stimulated Schrodinger towards his discovery of the wave equation of quantum mechanics. It was only due to his rejection of the final theory that he is not generally recognized as the most central figure in this historic achievement of human civilization.   

We derive Born’s rule and the density-operator formalism for quantum systems with Hilbert spaces of finite dimension. Our extension of Gleason’s theorem only relies upon the consistent assignment of probabilities to the outcomes of projective measurements and their classical mixtures. This assumption is significantly weaker than those required for existing Gleason-type theorems valid in dimension two.