Scientific Series

Cosmologists wish to explain how our universe, in all its complexity, could ever have come about. This is the problem of initial conditions and the first step towards its solution is the assessment of the universe’s entropy today. It is widely agreed upon that the entropy of vacuum energy, given by the Bekenstein bound, makes up the bulk of the current entropy budget, dominating over that of gravity and over thermal motions of the cosmic radiation background.

Have we counted all significant contributions to the entropy inventory? There is one number which we have not considered: the number of degrees of freedom in our vibrant, complex biosphere. What is the entropy of life? Is it sizeable enough to need to be accounted for at the Big Bang, or negligible compared to vacuum entropy?

Fundamental physics (including physics beyond the Standard Model) can be tested using table-top precision measurements. The talk will describe measurements of the size of the proton, the fine-structure constant and the electric dipole moment of the electron. Two recently completed measurements will be described. For the first measurement, the n=2 Lamb shift of atomic hydrogen is measured, allowing for a new determination of the charge radius of the proton. This determination is crucial to resolving the decade-old proton radius puzzle, in which it appeared that the proton radius took on a different value when measured with muons compared to measurements using electrons. The second measurement is of the n=2 triplet P fine structure of atomic helium, and this work is part of a program to obtain a new determination of the fine-structure constant. Both of these measurements use a new measurements technique: Frequency offset separated oscillatory fields. Finally, a new major effort (EDM^3) is starting at York University to measure the electron electric dipole moment using polar molecules embedded into inert-gas solids. This measurement will test for T violation and will probe physics up to the PeV energy scale.    

I will consider simple scalar gauge theories with one scalar field in a low-dimensional representation of a gauge group. The renormalizable action often has accidental symmetries that lead to one or more stable states, providing Dark Matter candidates. The gauge group can confine, or be spontaneously broken by the scalar field: I will discuss the spectrum and symmetries in both cases, focusing in particular on possible dualities between the Higgs and confined phases. I will then discuss the Dark Matter phenomenology in a few illustrative cases, showing that the thermal relic abundance can reproduce the cosmological value for masses around 100 TeV.

In this talk, I will outline the forward model approach to reconstruct cosmological fields in a Bayesian framework. I will focus on two examples - galaxy clustering and neutral hydrogen intensity mapping.

In galaxy clustering example, I will use the observations of galaxy surveys to reconstruct the initial Lagrangian field. Here, we develop a novel framework with neural networks to forward model halo masses and positions and demonstrate that our method outperforms standard reconstruction in both real and redshift space. This reconstructed initial field has enhanced signal for baryon acoustic oscillations and can enhance science returns for surveys like DESI.

For neutral hydrogen surveys, we lose over 50% of the modes at high redshifts due to foregrounds and it severely hampers their feasibility for cosmological analysis. With a novel bias framework for the forward model, I will show that we are able to reconstruct over 90% of these modes and this recovers cross-correlations with photo-z surveys like LSST and tracers like CMB lensing.

Lastly, I will briefly touch upon assumptions made in this reconstruction framework regarding noise models and likelihood. I will discuss preliminary ways to improve upon them using deep learning.

Recent observations of gravitational waves represent a remarkable success of our theoretical models of relativistic binaries. However, accurate models are largely restricted to binaries in which the two members have roughly equal masses; for binaries with more disparate masses, modelling is less mature. This is especially relevant for extreme-mass-ratio inspirals (EMRIs), in which a stellar-mass object orbits a supermassive black hole in a galactic core. EMRIs are uniquely precise probes of black hole spacetimes, and they will be key targets for the space-based detector LISA. They are best modelled by gravitational self-force theory, in which the smaller object generates a small gravitational perturbation that reacts back on it to exert a "self-force", accelerating the object away from geodesic motion. For LISA science, we must work to second order in this perturbative treatment. In this talk, I discuss the foundations of self-force theory, its application to EMRIs, and the current status of first- and second-order models.

Our ability to model cosmological observations has reached an awesome level, a tour de force of observational innovation, sophisticated statistical inference, and delicate numerical computation. There’s little doubt that the Standard Cosmological Model will stand the test of time. But what has it told us and what is still missing? What are the prospects for learning particle physics and condensed matter from cosmology? And what can the path we’ve taken to reach this point tell us about where it might lead?

The elliptic genus is a powerful deformation invariant of 1+1D SQFTs: if it is nonzero, then it protects the SQFT from admitting a deformation to one with spontaneous supersymmetry breaking. I will describe a "secondary" invariant, defined in terms of mock modularity, that goes beyond the elliptic genus, protecting SQFTs with vanishing elliptic genus. The existence of this invariant supports the hypothesis that the space of minimally supersymmetric 1+1D SQFTs provides a geometric model for universal elliptic cohomology. Based on joint works with D. Gaiotto and E. Witten.

Primordial SU(2) gauge fields and axions can contribute to the physics of
inflation. In this class of models, both the gauge field and axion acquire
a VEV, which is P and CP breaking and enriches the phenomenology of
particles with spin. Their multifaceted phenomenology and unique
observational signatures, e.g., chiral primordial gravitational waves and
gravitational leptogenesis, turned this class of models to a hot topic of
research in the past nine years. In this talk, first, I will briefly
review the different realizations of this setup. Next, I will tell you
about the three different types of particles produced by the SU(2) gauge field,
i.e., scalar, fermion, and spin-2 particles and their observable
signatures. In particular, the new spin-2 field produces
chiral gravitational waves, which can be detected with LiteBIRD, CMB-S4,
adv LISA, and BBO. Last but not least, I will tell you about the fermion
generation during inflation, dark and visible, as yet another generous
opportunity offered by the primordial SU(2)!

Connections between representation categories of quantum groups and vertex operator algebras (VOAs) have been studied since the 1990s starting with the pioneering work of Kazhdan and Lusztig. Recently, connections have been found between unrolled quantum groups and certain families of VOAs. In this talk, I will introduce unrolled quantum groups and describe their connections to the Singlet, Triplet, and Bp vertex operator algebras.

Factorization algebras provide a flexible language for describing the observables of a perturbative QFT, as shown in joint work with Kevin Costello. In joint work with Eugene Rabinovich and Brian Williams, we extend those constructions to a manifold with boundary for a special class of theories that includes, as an example, a perturbative version of the correspondence between chiral U(1) currents on a Riemann surface and abelian Chern-Simons theory on a bulk 3-manifold. Given time, I'll sketch a systematic higher dimensional version for higher abelian CS theory on an oriented smooth manifold of dimension 4n+3 with boundary a complex manifold of complex dimension 2n+1. (This talk will be very informal.)