Scientific Series

In this talk, I argue that the question of whether a physical system can be simulated on a computer is important not just from a practical perspective but also a fundamental one. We consider the complexity of simulating Hamiltonians with respect to both dynamics and equilibrium properties. This gives us a classification and a phase diagram of the complexity.  I will cover recent results in this topic, such as a dynamical complexity phase diagram for a long-range bosonic Hamiltonian and a complexity classification of the local Hamiltonian problem in the presence of a spectral gap. I will talk about the physical implications of these results and cover some of the basic proof ideas if time permits.

While spacetime and quantum theory are crucial parts of modern theoretical physics, the problem of quantum gravity demonstrates that their full relationship is not yet completely understood. In my talk, I report on two recent results that aim to shed light on this relationship via ideas and tools from quantum foundations.

We start with the setting of (semi-) device-independent quantum information protocols. In this scenario one considers abstract black boxes that are characterised by their input-output statistics. Typically, these inputs and outputs are assumed to be abstract labels from a finite set of integers. We replace the abstract inputs with physical inputs that correspond to continuous spatio-temporal degrees of freedom, e.g. angles of polarisers and time-durations of laser pulses. This framework gives new insights about the relation between space, time, and quantum correlations, and it gives rise to new kinds of Bell non-locality witnesses.

We then turn to the topic of quantum reference frames. Specifically, we consider a composite quantum system and an outside experimenter who does not have access to an external reference frame to specify all of the system's properties. We show that for such an observer the possible descriptions of states and observables are related by quantum reference frame transformations that have been independently proposed in recent works. We give an explicit description of the observables that are measurable by agents constrained by such quantum symmetries, and we introduce a relational generalisation of the partial trace that applies to such situations.

We consider monochromatic and isotropic photon emission from circular equatorial Kerr orbiters. We calculate the critical curve delineating the region of photon escape from that of photon capture in each emitter’s sky, allowing us to derive analytic expressions for the photon escape probability and the redshift-dependent total flux collected on the celestial sphere as a function of emission radius and black hole parameters. This critical curve generalizes to finite orbital radius the usual Kerr critical curve and displays interesting features in the limit of high spin. These results confirm that the near-horizon geometry of a high-spin black hole is in principle observable.

Relativistic quantum tasks are quantum computations which have inputs and outputs that occur at designated spacetime locations.

Understanding which tasks are possible to complete, and what resources are required to complete them, captures spacetime-specific aspects of quantum information. In this talk we explore the connections between such tasks and quantum gravity, specifically in the context of the AdS/CFT correspondence. We find that tasks reveal a novel connection between causal features of bulk geometry and boundary entanglement.

Further, we find that AdS/CFT suggests quantum non-local computations, a specific task with relevance to position-based cryptography, can be performed with linear entanglement. This would be an exponential improvement on existing protocols.

In this seminar, I will consider a deformed kinematics that goes beyond special relativity as a way to account for possible low-energy effects of a quantum gravity theory that could lead to some experimental evidences. This can be done while keeping a relativity principle, an approach which is usually known as doubly (or deformed) special relativity. In this context, I will give a simple geometric interpretation of the deformed kinematics and explain how it can be related to a metric in maximally symmetric curved momentum space. Moreover, this metric can be extended to the whole phase space, leading to a notion of spacetime. Also, this geometrical formalism can be generalized in order to take into account a space-time curvature, leading to a momentum deformation of general relativity. I will explain theoretical aspects and possible phenomenological consequences of such deformation.

In this talk I will introduce the Fully Constrained Formulation (FCF) of General Relativity. In this formulation one has a hyperbolic sector and an elliptic one. The constraint equations are solved in each time step and are encoded in the elliptic sector; this set of equations have to be solved to compute initial data even if a free evolution scheme is used for a posterior dynamical evolution. Other formulations (like the XCTS formulation) share a similar elliptic sector. I will comment about the local uniqueness issue of the elliptic sector in the FCF. I will also described briefly the hyperbolic sector. I will finish with some recent reformulation of the equations which keeps the good properties of the local uniqueness, improves the numerical accuracy of the system and gives some additional information.

This talk will be split into two distinct halves: The first half will be based on the paper arxiv:2007.03662 and suggest that an interplay between microscopic and macroscopic physics can lead to an undulation on time scales not related to celestial dynamics. By searching for such undulations, the discovery potential of light DM search experiments can be enhanced.
The second half will look at some currently unpublished work into finding all the semi-simple subalgebras of u(48) which contain the SM. Such algebras (in a loose sense of the term) form GUTs and studying them has relevance to family unification, proton decay etc. Although there has been previous work into the classification of GUTs, we believe this is the first this broad question has been answered.

The Ryu Takayanagi formula identifies the area of  extremal surfaces in AdS with the entanglement entropy of the boundary CFT. However the bulk microstate interpretation of the extremal area remains mysterious. Progress along this direction requires understanding how to define entanglement entropy in the bulk closed string theory. As a toy model for AdS/CFT, we study the entanglement entropy of closed strings in the topological A model in the context of Gopakumar Vafa duality. We give a self consistent factorization of the closed string Hilbert space which leads to string edge modes transforming under a q-deformed surface symmetry group. Compatibility with this symmetry requires a q-deformed definition of entanglement entropy. Using the topological vertex formalism, we define the Hartle Hawking state for the resolved conifold and compute its q-deformed entropy directly from the closed string reduced density matrix.  We show that this is the same as the generalized entropy, defined by prescribing a contractible replica manifold for the closed string theory on the resolved conifold.  We then apply the Gopakumar Vafa duality to reproduce the closed string entropy from Chern Simons dual  using the un-deformed definition of entanglement entropy. Finally we relate non local aspects of our factorization map to analogous phenomenon recently found in JT gravity.

Tensions between measurements in the early and the late universe could be the first hint of new physics beyond the cosmological standard model. In particular, the clustering of large scale structure and the current value of the Hubble parameter show intriguing discrepancies between measurements in the early and late universe. In this talk, I review the most common ways of easing these two tensions and focus specifically on parameter extensions and various models of dark matter, such as warm dark matter, cannibalistic dark matter, dark matter interactions, and dark radiation. To constrain these models a variety of cosmological probes, both current and future, is required at different scales and redshifts.

Consistent dynamics which couples classical and quantum systems exists, provided it is stochastic. This provides a way to
study the back-reaction of quantum systems on classical ones and has recently been explored in the context of quantum fields back-reacting
on space-time. Since the dynamics is completely positive and circumvents various no-go theorems this can either be thought of as a fundamental theory, or as an effective theory describing the limit of quantum gravity where the gravitational degrees of freedom are taken to be classical. In this talk we explore some of the consequences of complete positivity on the dynamics of classical-quantum systems. We show that complete positivity necessarily results in the decoherence of the quantum system, and a breakdown of predictability in the classical-phase space. We prove there is a trade-off between the rate of this decoherence and the degree of diffusion in the metric: long coherence times require strong diffusion relative to the strength of the coupling, which potentially provides a long-distance experimental test of the quantum nature of gravity  We discuss the consequences of complete positivity on preparing superpositions of gravitationally different states. Each state produces different distributions of the gravitational field determined by the constraints of the theory. The overlap of these distributions imposes an upper bound on the degree of coherence of the superposition.

I will introduce a tool to construct self-testing Bell inequalities from the stabiliser formalism and present two applications in the framework of device-independent certification protocols. Firstly, I will show how the method allows to derive Bell inequalities maximally violated by the family of multi-qubit graph states and suited for their robust self-testing. Secondly, I will present how the same method allows to introduce the first examples of subspace self-testing, a form of certification that the measured quantum state belongs to a given quantum error correction code subspace, which remarkably includes also mixed states.

In recent years, there has been growing interest in cosmological first-order phase transitions in view of gravitational wave observations with space interferometers such as LISA. However, there is only limited understanding on the bubble dynamics and the gravitational wave signals arising from ultra-supercooled transitions (in which the released energy dominates the plasma energy, i.e., near-vacuum transitions), due to the highly relativistic nature of the transition.

In this talk, I introduce some approaches to understand the dynamics and the gravitational wave signals of ultra-supercooled first-order phase transitions:

(1) These transitions proceed with the propagation and collision of highly relativistic fluid profiles involving shock waves. I introduce an approach to construct an effective description of the propagation of such relativistic profiles (1905.00899).

(2) I present an approach to extend the existing model of gravitational wave production and calculate the gravitational wave signals analytically (1707.03111).