Conference

String theory gives a consistent theory of quantum gravity, so we can ask about the nature of black hole microstates in this theory. Studies of extremal and near-extremal microstates indicate that these microstates do not have a traditional horizon, which would have no data about the microstate in its vicinity. Instead, the information of the microstate is distributed throughout a horizon sized quantum `fuzzball'. If this picture holds for all microstates then it would resolve the information paradox. We review recent progress in the area, including some results on non-extremal states. We also discuss some conjectures about black hole dynamics suggested by the structure of fuzzballs.

Theories which have fundamental information destruction or decoherence are motivated by the black hole information paradox. However they have either violated conservation laws, or are highly non-local. Here, we show that the tension between conservation laws and locality can be circumvented by constructing a relational theory of information destruction. In terms of conservation laws, we derive a generalization of Noether's theorem for general theories, and show that symmetries imply a restriction on the type of evolution permissible. With respect to locality, we distinguish violations of causality from the creation or destruction of separated correlations. We show that violations of causality need not occur in a relational framework -- the only non-locality is that correlations decay faster than one might otherwise expect or can be created over spatial distances. The theories can be made time-symmetric, thus imposing no arrow of time.

Because the gravitational Hamiltonian is a pure boundary term on-shell, asymptotic gravitational fields store information in a manner not possible in local field theories. Two properties follow from this purely gravitational behavior. The first, 'Boundary Unitarity,' holds under AdS-like boundary conditions. This is the statement that the algebra of boundary observables is independent of time; i.e., that the algebra of boundary observables at any one time t_1 in fact coincides with the algebra of boundary observables at any other time t_2. As a result, any information available at the boundary at time t_1 remains available at any other time t_2. The second, 'Perturbative Holography,' holds under either AdS-like or asymptotically flat boundary conditions. In the AdS context, it is the statement that the algebra of boundary observables at any time t includes all perturbative observables anywhere in the spacetime. In the asymptotically flat context, Perturbative Holography is that statement that the algebra of observables on I^+ within any neighborhood of i^0 contains all perturbative observables. Perturbative Holography holds about any classical solution with a regular past infinity; i.e., spacetimes which collapse to form classical black holes are explicitly allowed. We derive the above properties and discuss their implications for information in black hole evaporation.

In this talk we introduce loop quantum gravity and we apply the theory to the black hole singularity problem. The Schwarzschild black hole solution inside the event horizon coincides with the Kantowski-Sachs space-time and we can study a simple spherically symmetric mini-superspace model. We show the classical black hole singularity is controlled by the quantum theory and the space-time can be dynamically extended beyond the classical singularity. We consider a semiclassical analysis of the black hole in LQG and we focus our attention on the space-time structure. The semiclassical solution is regular everywhere and similar to the Reissner-Nordstrom metric. The LQG black hole metric interpolates between two asymptotically flat regions, the 'r=infinity' region and the 'r=0' region. The metric is self-dual in the sense it is invariant under the symmetry (r ->1/r) which relates small and large distances. We study the thermodynamics of the semiclassical solution.

I present a viewpoint on black hole thermodynamics according to which the entropy: derives from horizon 'degrees of freedom''; is finite because the deep structure of spacetime is discrete; is ``objective'' thanks to the distinguished coarse graining provided by the horizon; and obeys the second law of thermodynamics precisely because the effective dynamics of the exterior region is not unitary.

Quantum operations are known to be the most general state transformations that can be applied to parts of compound systems compatibly with the probabilistic structure of quantum mechanics. What about the most general transformations of quantum operations? It turns out that any such general transformation can be realized by a quantum network with an open slot in which the input operation can be inserted, thus programming the resulting circuit. Moreover, one can recursively iterate this construction, generating an infinite hierarchy of admissible transformations and proving their realization within the circuit model of quantum mechanics. These results provide the basis of a new method to optimize quantum networks for information processing tasks, including e.g. gate estimation, discrimination, programming, and cloning. As examples of application, I will present here the optimal quantum networks for estimation of group transformations, for the alignment of reference frames with multiple communication rounds, and for universal cloning of unitary transformations.

More than 40 years ago, Bell ruled out completely local hidden variable models as an explanation for quantum correlations. However, a new type of hidden variable model has recently been brought to light by the work of Leggett. Such a model has both local and non-local parts. Roughly speaking, having a local part means that the measurement outcomes can be guessed with better than 50% success. In this talk, I will explain that there exist quantum correlations for which any hidden variable model must have a trivial local part. I will then discuss how an extension of the original theorem implies that these correlations can be used to enhance the quality of a private random string.

New spin foam models for gravity have been recently proposed to deal with the shortcomings of the Barrett-Crane model. In particular, they draw a closer connection between the Loop Quantum Gravity and the Spin Foam approaches to non perturbative quantum gravity. In this talk, I will present the construction for the case of Lorentzian signature and finite Immirzi parameter. An area operator can be defined and its spectrum agrees with the one defined in LQG. Finally, the amplitude is shown to be finite after a suitable regularization.

We give an overview of what we have called the \'LQG spinfoam models,\' that provide a spinfoam dynamics for LQG, for arbitrary values of the Barbero-Immirzi parameter in both Lorentzian and Euclidean signatures. The key motivation behind these models was to modify the Barrett-Crane model, by handling more carefully certain constraints, called simplicity constraints, which become second class in the quantum theory. As a result, the kinematics of the models exactly match those of LQG. The goal of this talk is to provide a broad picture of the significance of these models and their basic ideas.

We study various aspects of power suppressed as well as exponentially suppressed corrections in the asymptotic expansion of the degeneracy of quarter BPS dyons in N=4 supersymmetric string theories. In particular we explicitly calculate the power suppressed corrections up to second order and the first exponentially suppressed corrections. We also propose a macroscopic origin of the exponentially suppressed corrections using the quantum entropy function formalism. This suggests a universal pattern of exponentially suppressed corrections to all four dimensional extremal black hole entropies in string theory.

I will discuss the various sources of non-Gaussianity (NG) in a class of multi-field models of inflation. I will show that there is both an intrinsic and a local contribution to the NG although they both have the same shape. It is also possible in this class of models that the dominant part to the 3-pt function comes from loop diagrams. These models are of the hybrid type and while they occur naturally in string theory, the conditions for the NG to be important are not generic.

We report on recent progress in understanding string compactifications to four dimensions, preserving minimal supersymmetry. We develop a general formalism to construct the kinetic terms of the low energy degrees of freedom. At strong warping, new light Kaluza-Klein modes appear, which change the effective action for the complex and Kahler moduli. We explain how to determine these new fields starting from 10d, and find their couplings to the zero mode sector.