Quantum Physics

Trotter-Suzuki formula is a practical and efficient algorithm for Hamiltonian simulation. It has been widely used in quantum chemistry, quantum field theory and condensed matter physics. Usually, its error is quantified by the operator norm distance between the ideal evolution operator and the digital evolution operator. However, recently more and more papers discovered that, even in large Trotter step region, the quantity of interest can still be accurately simulated. These robustness phenomena imply a different approach of analyzing Trotter-Suzuki formulas. In our previous paper, by analyzing the spectral analysis of the effective Hamiltonian, we successfully established refined estimations of digital errors, and thus improved the circuit complexity of quantum phase estimation and digital adiabatic simulation.

Suppressing noise in physical systems is of fundamental importance. As quantum computers mature, quantum error correcting codes (QECs) will be adopted in order to suppress errors to any desired level. However in the noisy, intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era, the complexity and scale required to adopt even the smallest QEC is prohibitive: a single logical qubit needs to be encoded into many thousands of physical qubits. Here we show that, for the crucial case of estimating expectation values of observables (key to almost all NISQ algorithms) one can indeed achieve an effective exponential suppression. We take n independently prepared circuit outputs to create a state whose symmetries prevent errors from contributing bias to the expected value. The approach is very well suited for current and near-term quantum devices as it is modular in the main computation and requires only a shallow circuit that bridges the n copies immediately prior to measurement. Using no more than four circuit copies, we confirm error suppression below 10−6 for circuits consisting of several hundred noisy gates (2-qubit gate error 0.5%) in numerical simulations validating our approach. This talk is based on [B. Koczor, Phys. Rev. X 11, 031057] and [B. Koczor, New J. Phys. (accepted), arXiv:2104.00608].

Zoom Link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/91654758635?pwd=TEtPMmZMNGZya1JOc05KbGt6OUpjdz09

We introduce a flexible and graphically intuitive framework that constructs complex quantum error correction codes from simple codes or states, generalizing code concatenation. More specifically, we represent the complex code constructions as tensor networks built from the tensors of simple codes or states in a modular fashion. Using a set of local moves known as operator pushing, one can derive properties of the more complex codes, such as transversal non-Clifford gates, by tracing the flow of operators in the network. The framework endows a network geometry to any code it builds and is valid for constructing stabilizer codes as well as non-stabilizer codes over qubits and qudits. For a contractible tensor network, the sequence of contractions also constructs a decoding/encoding circuit. To highlight the framework's range of capabilities and to provide a tutorial, we lay out some examples where we glue together simple stabilizer codes to construct non-trivial codes. These examples include the toric code and its variants, a holographic code with transversal non-Clifford operators, a 3d stabilizer code, and other stabilizer codes with interesting properties. Surprisingly, we find that the surface code is equivalent to the 2d Bacon-Shor code after "dualizing" its tensor network encoding map.
 

Tensor network algorithms are numerical tools widely used in physical research. But traditionally they are only applied to lattice systems with specific structure. In this talk, tensor network algorithms to deal with physical systems with arbitrary topology will be discussed. Theoretical framework will firstly be constructed to analyze the difficulty of contracting an arbitrary tensor network. Then both approximate and exact contraction approaches will be involved according to computational tasks of interest. Finally two applications, one in graphical models and the other in quantum circuit simulations, will be introduced to demonstrate the performance and potential of arbitrary tensor network algorithms.

While complex numbers are essential in mathematics, they are not needed to describe physical experiments, expressed in terms of probabilities, hence real numbers. Physics however aims to explain, rather than describe, experiments through theories. While most theories of physics are based on real numbers, quantum theory was the first to be formulated in terms of operators acting on complex Hilbert spaces. This has puzzled countless physicists, including the fathers of the theory, for whom a real version of quantum theory, in terms of real operators, seemed much more natural. Are complex numbers really needed in the quantum formalism? Here, we show this to be case by proving that real and complex quantum theory, understood in terms of operators in Hilbert spaces and tensor products to represent independent systems, make different predictions in network scenarios comprising independent states and measurements.  This allows us to devise a Bell-like experiment whose successful realization would disprove real quantum theory, in the same way as standard Bell experiments disproved local physics.

This talk concerns the "Markov gap," a tripartite-entanglement measure with a simple geometric dual in holographic quantum gravity. I will prove a new inequality constraining the Markov gap of classical states in quantum gravity, and interpret this inequality as a lesson about multipartite entanglement in holography. I will also speculate about signatures of the inequality in non-holographic field theories, and conjecture a new universal entanglement feature of two-dimensional CFTs.

Zoom Link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/98327637522?pwd=TUJOQ0d1aU5Gc0RLTlJLd3B3Ty9LUT09

In absence of both experimental evidence for and a fully understood  theory of quantum gravity, the possibility that gravity might be  fundamentally classical presents an option to be considered. Such a  semiclassical theory also bears the potential to be part of an  objective explanation for the emergence of classical measurement outcomes. Nonetheless, the possibility is mostly disregarded based on the grounds of arguments of consistency. I will discuss these arguments, attempting to present the broader picture of the constraints that need to be dealt with in order to formulate consistent semiclassical models of gravity, and the implications this  has with regard to concrete proposals for theoretical models and 
experimental tests of semiclassical versus quantized gravity.

Zoom Link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/99590707415?pwd=MHFMZlhSMUdMbFFoMEFmQTIxSUhBQT09

Quantum cellular automata (QCA) are unitary transformations that preserve locality. In one dimension, QCA are known to be fully characterized by a topological chiral index that takes on arbitrary rational numbers [1]. QCA with nonzero indices are anomalous, in the sense that they are not finite-depth quantum circuits of local unitaries, yet they can appear as the edge dynamics of two-dimensional chiral Floquet topological phases [2].

In this seminar, I will focus on the topological aspects of one-dimensional QCA. First, I will talk about how the topological classification of QCA will be enriched by finite unitary symmetries [3]. On top of the cohomology character that applies equally to topological states, I will introduce a new class of topological numbers termed symmetry-protected indices. The latter, which include the chiral index as a special case, are genuinely dynamical topological invariants without state counterparts [4].

In the second part, I will show that the chiral index lower bounds the operator entanglement of QCA [5]. This rigorous bound enforces a linear growth of operator entanglement in the Floquet dynamics governed by nontrivial QCA, ruling out the possibility of many-body localization. In fact, this result gives a rigorous proof to a conjecture in Ref. [2]. Finally, I will present a generalized entanglement membrane theory that captures the large-scale (hydrodynamic) behaviors of typical (chaotic) QCA [6].

References:
[1] D. Gross, V. Nesme, H. Vogts, and R. F. Werner, Commun. Math. Phys. 310, 419 (2012).
[2] H. C. Po, L. Fidkowski, T. Morimoto, A. C. Potter, and A. Vishwanath, Phys. Rev. X 6, 041070 (2016).
[3] Z. Gong, C. Sünderhauf, N. Schuch, and J. I. Cirac, Phys. Rev. Lett. 124, 100402 (2020).
[4] Z. Gong and T. Guaita, arXiv:2106.05044.
[5] Z. Gong, L. Piroli, and J. I. Cirac, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 160601 (2021).
[6] Z. Gong, A. Nahum, and L. Piroli, arXiv:2109.07408.

This talk is about how to think about probabilistic reasoning and its use in physics.  It has become commonplace, in the literature on the foundations of probability, to note that the word “probability” has been used in at least two distinct senses: an objective, physical sense (often called “objective chance”), thought to be characteristic of physical situations, independent of considerations of knowledge and ignorance, and an epistemic sense, having to do with gradations of belief of agents with limited information about the world.  I will argue that in order to do justice to the use of probabilistic concepts in physics, we should go beyond this familiar dichotomy, and make use of a third concept, which I call “epistemic chance,” which combines epistemic and physical considerations.

Classical machine learning (ML) provides a potentially powerful approach to solving challenging quantum many-body problems in physics and chemistry. However, the advantages of ML over more traditional methods have not been firmly established. In this work, we prove that classical ML algorithms can efficiently predict ground state properties of gapped Hamiltonians in finite spatial dimensions, after learning from data obtained by measuring other Hamiltonians in the same quantum phase of matter. In contrast, under widely accepted complexity theory assumptions, classical algorithms that do not learn from data cannot achieve the same guarantee. We also prove that classical ML algorithms can efficiently classify a wide range of quantum phases of matter. Our arguments are based on the concept of a classical shadow, a succinct classical description of a many-body quantum state that can be constructed in feasible quantum experiments and be used to predict many properties of the state. Extensive numerical experiments corroborate our theoretical results in a variety of scenarios, including Rydberg atom systems, 2D random Heisenberg models, symmetry-protected topological phases, and topologically ordered phases.

There are many different interpretations of quantum mechanics. Among them, QBism and Rovelli's Relational Quantum Mechanics (RQM) are special because they both propose that reality itself is produced relative to "observers". For QBism, observers are defined as rational decision-making "agents", while in RQM any physical system can be an observer. But both interpretations agree that reality is shaped by what happens when observers encounter the world external to themselves. In this talk I will try to understand what these interpretations imply for the ongoing problem of defining an ontological model of quantum mechanics.