General Relativity & Quantum Cosmology

The detections of gravitational waves (GWs) from merging binary black holes (BHs) have motivated many studies on the dynamical formation of such compact black hole binaries (BHBs). Recent works have suggested that tertiary-induced merger via Lidov–Kozai (LK) oscillations may play a significant role in producing the BHBs detected by the LIGO/VIRGO collaboration. I will talk about the dynamics of merging compact binaries near a rotating supermassive black hole (SMBH) in a hierarchical triple configuration, including various general relativistic (GR) effects. I will show that these GR effects significantly increase the merger fraction of BHBs and produce a wide range of spin orientations when the BHB enters LIGO band. I will also discuss the hierarchical BH mergers in multiple systems, focusing on the constraints on the formation of GW190412, GW190814 and GW190521-like events.

The melonic limit of a field theory is a large-N limit in which melonic diagrams dominate, thus differing significantly from the cactus and planar limits of vector and matrix models. It was first discovered in tensor models in zero dimensions, viewed as an approach to quantum gravity, and later in the SYK model. More recently, it has found applications in quantum field theory on a fixed (flat) background as an analytic tool for the study of new fixed points of the renormalization group, i.e. new conformal field theories. In this talk, I will review the main features of the melonic limit, and in view of the recent developments I will revisit an old model by Amit and Roginsky with SO(3) internal symmetry, which is neither a tensor model nor a disordered model like SYK, and yet it has a similar melonic limit. Time permitting, I will also comment on similarities with the fishnet model by Kazakov et al, and on the (in)stability of all such models when complex scaling dimensions appear.

General Relativity remains to this day our best description of gravitational phenomena. Nonetheless, issues such its quantization and cosmological constant problem suggest Einstein’s theory might not be final theory of the gravitational interaction. Motivated by these questions, theorists have proposed a myriad of extensions to General Relativity over the decades. In this seminar, I will focus on theories with extra scalar fields. In particular, I will describe how some of these theories can evade Solar System constraints and yet yield to new effects in the strong-gravity regime of compact objects, i.e. neutron stars and black holes. This is achieved through a process known as spontaneous scalarization, in which a compact object growths 'scalar hair' once certain conditions are met and remains 'bald' otherwise. I will review the basics of this effect and then focus on recent efforts in understanding it for black holes both in isolation and in binaries.

The Principle of Equivalence, stating that all laws of physics take their special-relativistic form in any local inertial frame, lies at the core of General Relativity. Because of its fundamental status, this principle could be a very powerful guide in formulating physical laws at regimes where both gravitational and quantum effects are relevant. However, its formulation implicitly presupposes that reference frames are abstracted from classical systems (rods and clocks) and that the spacetime background is well defined. Here, we we generalise the Einstein Equivalence Principle to quantum reference frames (QRFs) and to superpositions of spacetimes. We build a unitary transformation to the QRF of a quantum system in curved spacetime, and in a superposition thereof. In both cases, a QRF can be found such that the metric looks locally flat. Hence, one cannot distinguish, with a local measurement, if the spacetime is flat or curved, or in a superposition of such spacetimes. This transformation identifies a Quantum Local Inertial Frame. These results extend the Principle of Equivalence to QRFs in a superposition of gravitational fields. Verifying this principle may pave a fruitful path to establishing solid conceptual grounds for a future theory of quantum gravity.

The defining feature of a classical black hole horizon is that it is a "perfect absorber". Any evidence showing otherwise

would indicate a departure from the standard black-hole picture. Due to the presence of the horizon, black holes in binaries exchange

energy with their orbit, which backreacts on the orbit. This is called tidal heating. Tidal heating can be used to test the presence of a horizon.

I will discuss the prospect of tidal heating as a discriminator between black holes and horizonless compact objects, especially supermassive ones, in LISA.

I will also discuss a similar prospect for distinguishing between neutron stars and black holes in the LIGO band.

Euclidean quantum gravity approaches have a long history but suffer from a number of severe issues.  This gives a strong motivation to develop Lorentzian approaches. Spin foams constitute an important such approach, which incorporate a rigorously derived discrete area spectrum.  I will explain how this discrete area spectrum is connected to the appearance of an anomaly, which explains the significance of the Barbero-Immirzi parameter and forces an extension of the quantum configuration space, to also include torsion degrees of freedom. This can be understood as a defining characteristic of the spin foam approach, and provides a pathway to an (experimental) falsification.

All these features are captured in the recently constructive effective spin foam model, which is much more amenable to numerical calculations than previous models.  I will present numerical results that a) show that spin foams do impose the correct equations of motion b) highlight the influence of the anomaly and c) underline the difference to Euclidean quantum gravity.  I will close with an outlook on the features that can be studied with a truly Lorentzian model, e.g. topology change.

Models for black hole formation from stellar evolution predict the existence of a pair-instability supernova mass gap in the range ~50 to ~120 solar masses. The binary black holes of LIGO-Virgo's first two observing runs supported this prediction, showing evidence for a dearth of component black hole masses above 45 solar masses. Meanwhile, among the 30+ new observations from the third observing run, there are several black holes that appear to sit above the 45 solar mass limit. I will discuss how these unexpectedly massive black holes fit into our understanding of the binary black hole population. The data are consistent with several scenarios, including a mass distribution that evolves with redshift and the possibility that the most massive binary black hole, GW190521, straddles the mass gap, containing an intermediate-mass black hole heavier than 120 solar masses.

I will review the analysis of boundary symmetries in first order 3d gravity, and explain how the study of the boundary current algebra and the Sugawara construction actually leads to two dual notions of diffeomorphism charges. This provides a new understanding of the relationship between the second order and first order formulations, and of the existence of finite distance asymptotic symmetries (as strange as this sounds) in topological theories. This analysis is performed on the most general theory of first order 3d gravity, which also enables to understand the duality between curvature and torsion, as well as the relationship with chiral and massive gravity.

We construct, for the first time, the time-domain gravitational-wave strain waveform from the collapse of a strongly gravitating Abelian Higgs cosmic string loop in full general relativity. We show that the strain exhibits a large memory effect during merger, ending with a burst and characteristic ringdown as a black hole is formed. Furthermore, we investigate the waveform and energy emitted as a function of width, radius and string tension Gμ. We find that the mass normalized gravitational-wave energy displays a strong dependence on the inverse of the string tension E_GW / M_0 ∝ 1/Gμ, with E_GW / M_0 ∼ O(1)% at the percent level, for the regime where Gμ ~ 1e-3 . Conversely, we show that the efficiency is only weakly dependent on the initial string width and initial string radii. Using these results, we argue that gravitational wave production is dominated by kinematical instead of geometrical considerations.

If time is described by a fundamental process rather than a coordinate, it

interacts with any physical system that evolves in time. The resulting
dynamics has recently been shown to be consistent provided the fundamental
period of the time system is sufficiently small. A strong upper bound T_C
< 10^{-33}s of the fundamental period of time, several orders of magnitude
below any direct time measurement, can be obtained from bounds on
dynamical variations of the period of a lab system evolving in time.
Possible cosmological implications will be discussed.

Two of the dominant channels to produce black-hole binary mergers are believed to be the isolated evolution of stellar binaries in the field and dynamical formation in star clusters. Pair instabilities prevent stellar collapse from generating black holes more massive than about 45-60 solar mass. This  “mass gap” only applies to the field formation scenario: repeated mergers in clusters can fill the gap. A similar reasoning applies to the binary’s spin parameters. If black holes are born slowly rotating, the high-spin portion of the parameter space (the “spin gap”) can only be filled by black-hole binaries that are assembled dynamically. I will discuss how such signatures are a smoking gun for the hierarchical origin, and how recent detections (GW190521 and GW190412) fit in this context. I will also talk about how we may be able to reconstruct the properties of progenitors of second-generation black holes.