General Relativity & Quantum Cosmology

We show that the Ryu-Takayanagi (RT) formula, originally introduced to compute the entropy of a holographic boundary CFT, can be interpreted as entropy of an algebra of bulk gravitational observables. In particular, we show that any Euclidean gravitational path integral satisfying a simple and familiar set of axioms defines type I von Neumann algebras of bulk observables acting on closed codimension-2 asymptotic boundaries. The entropies associated to these algebras, defined via the gravitational path integral, can be written in terms of standard density matrices and standard Hilbert space traces, and in appropriate semiclassical limits are computed by the RT formula with quantum corrections. Our work thus provides a bulk state-counting interpretation of the Ryu-Takayanagi entropy. Since our axioms do not severely constrain UV bulk structures, they may be expected to hold equally well for successful formulations of string field theory, spin-foam models, or any other approach to constructing a UV-complete theory of gravity.

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Recent progress in gravitational wave astronomy has spurred the development of efficient tools to describe gravitational binary dynamics. One such tool is classical worldline effective field theory (EFT). In the first part of my talk, I will show how to use this EFT for systematic studies of tidal heating and deformations (Love numbers) of compact objects. I will present a gauge-invariant definition of Love numbers and show how to extract them in a coordinate-independent way from scattering amplitudes of the gravitational Raman process. I will show that the worldline EFT exhibits strong fine-tuning when applied to black holes. This gives rise to a naturalness paradox associated with the vanishing of black hole static Love numbers. In the second part of my talk, I will present a new symmetry of black holes (Love symmetry) that elegantly resolves this paradox. The Love symmetry is tightly connected to isometries of extremal black holes that appear in many holographic constructions. It also provides a curious example of IR/UV mixing, which may give insights for other hierarchy problems.

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Extended BMS symmetry is believed to be a fundamental symmetry of any classical gravitational scattering process, as well as of the quantum gravity S-matrix. We explore this property using the BRST formulation of BMS symmetry, which allows to construct a non trivial solution of the Wess-Zumino consistency condition at the null boundaries of spacetime. We interpret this solution as an anomaly for asymptotic BRST Ward identities for superrotations. By relating them to the leading and subleading soft graviton theorem, we recover the well known results that the leading soft theorem is exact at all loop in perturbation theory without ever referring to Feynman diagrams, while the anomaly for superrotations is at the origin of the 1-loop correction to the subleading soft factor. This construction provides a rigorous, fully quantum origin for the invariance of the S-matrix under asymptotic symmetries.

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