Astrophysics

Primodial magnetic fields are a potentially interesting origin for cosmic magnetism. Such fields can leave an interesting signal not only in the CMB temperature and polarization, but in structure at low redshift, contributing to the matter power spectrum and SZ effect at small scales. I will talk about the reasons for considering primordial fields, their origin and evolution, and how their observational consequences constrain their nature.

Over the coming decade, tiny fluctuations in temperature and polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) will be mapped with unprecedented resolution. The Planck Surveyor, the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT), and the South Pole Telescope (SPT) are already making great advances. In a few years, high resolution polarization experiments, such as PolarBear, ACTPol, and SPTPol will be in full swing. While these new arc-minute resolution observations will continue to help constrain the physics of the early universe, they will also be unique in a new way - they will allow us to measure the gravitational lensing of the CMB, i.e., the deflection of CMB photons by intervening large scale structure. CMB lensing will probe the growth of structure over cosmic time, helping constrain the total mass of neutrinos and the behavior of dark energy. In the first part of the talk, I will review the recent progress made with ACT, a powerful tool with new capabilities. In the second part, I will discuss the scientific potential of the CMB lensing signal, and its various applications in cross-correlation with other datasets. Finally, I will discuss the upcoming polarized counterpart of ACT --- the ACTPol project, which will have sixteen times better mapping speed than ACT, and will be a premier CMB lensing experiment. I will describe our plans to extract different flavors of science from the ACTPol data, including the cross-correlations with optical lensing and galaxy surveys, such as SDSS, BOSS, DES and LSST.

In terms of their energetics, cosmic ray protons are an insignificant by-product of star formation and super-massive black hole growth. However, due to their small mean free path, their coupling with the interstellar medium is absolute. In fact, they are most likely, the dominant source of momentum, and therefore kinetic force on galactic scales. By defining an Eddington Limit in Cosmic Rays, we show that the maximum photon luminosity of bright galaxies and quasars are capped by the production and subsequent expulsion of cosmic ray protons. Such simple arguments may explain why bright galaxies are faint in comparison to quasars and why super-massive black holes are relatively mass-less in comparison to galaxies.

The resonant tunneling phenomenon is well understood in quantum mechanics. I argue why a similar phenomenon must be present in quantum field theory. Using the functional Schr\"odinger method I show how resonant tunneling through multiple barriers takes place in quantum field theory with a single scalar field. I also show how this phenomenon in scalar quantum field theory can lead to an exponential enhancement of the single-barrier tunneling rate. My analysis is carried out in the thin-wall approximation. I discuss a possible explanation of the fast nucleation of the B phase of superfluid Helium-3 as an application.

While understanding the evolution of galaxies is one of the major themes of contemporary astronomy, most empirical studies focus only on the evolution of distribution functions (e.g., the luminosity function), effectively treating galaxies in isolation. The new generation of large imaging and spectroscopic surveys make it possible to measure the clustering of galaxies with different physical properties as a function of redshift, providing complementary information to traditional distribution function studies. This approach is especially powerful, because most theoretical models of galaxy evolution are based on the underlying distribution of dark matter halos and they make strong predictions for clustering evolution. To link galaxies to dark matter halos from the observed galaxy clustering, I will introduce the halo occupation distribution (HOD), which characterizes the relation between galaxies and dark matter halos by the probability distribution that a halo of virial mass M contains N galaxies of a given type, together with the spatial and velocity distributions of galaxies within halos. I will present HOD modeling results for galaxy clustering measured in several surveys, including the SDSS (z~0), the DEEP2 (z~1), and the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Surveys (0<z<1). I will demonstrate that, by linking galaxies to dark matter halos, HOD modeling of galaxy clustering opens a new direction in studying galaxy evolution (and cosmology).

Cosmic strings, generic in brane inflationary models, may be detected by the current generation of gravitational wave detectors. An important source of gravitational wave emission is from isolated events on the string called cusps and kinks. I first review cosmic strings, discussing their effective action and motion, and showing how cusps and kinks arise dynamically. I then show how allowing for the motion of the strings in extra dimensions gives a potentially significant reduction in signal strength, and comment on current LIGO bounds.

I will discuss a powerful way to examine the nature of dark energy using a measurement of the growth of galaxy clusters over cosmic time. A novel technique that uses the Cosmic Microwave Background as a backlight allows the detection of galaxy clusters out to the time of their first formation. Using this technique, I will present the first constraints on cosmological parameters obtained with the Atacama Cosmology Telescope, as well as exciting prospects for the future.