Particle Physics

The cosmological model based on cold dark matter (CDM) and dark energy has been hugely successful in describing the observed evolution and large scale structure of our Universe.  However, at small scales (in the smallest galaxies and at the centers of larger galaxies), a number of observations seem to conflict with the predictions CDM cosmology, leading to recent interest in Warm Dark Matter (WDM) and Self-Interacting Dark Matter (SIDM) models. These small scales, though, are also regions dominated by the influence of baryons. I will present results from high resolution cosmological galaxy simulations that include both baryons and dark matter to show that baryonic physics can significantly alter the dark matter structure and substructure of galaxies, revolutionizing our expectations for galaxy structure and influencing our interpretation of the Dark Matter model.

In the search for dark matter, neutrino experiments can play a key role by doubling as dark matter production and detection experiments. I will describe how the proposed DAEdALUS decay-at-rest neutrino experiment can be used to search for MeV-scale dark matter, with particular emphasis on dark matter produced through a dark photon in rare neutral pion decays. The fact that the dark photon need not be on-shell opens up a wide range of new possibilities for the experimental program of searching for dark matter at neutrino experiments.

Recent comparison between observation and expectation could point to problems with the standard cold, non-interacting dark matter picture, one of which being how small the smallest gravitationally bound dark matter halos are. I will review the cold dark matter picture and the experimental tests. One solution to the problems comes from coupling the dark matter to neutrinos. I will describe the model building requirements of such a coupling and determine how to test this scenario.

Moduli fields with Planck suppressed couplings to light species are ubiquitous in string theory and supersymmetry. These scalar fields are expected to dominate the energy budget in the early universe. Their out-of-equilibrium decays can produce dark matter and baryons. Dark matter generated in this non-thermal manner typically has large annihilation rates that are strongly constrained by indirect detection. The resulting bounds on superpartner masses offer dim prospects for collider discovery of supersymmetry. We will discuss extensions of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) that allow low scale supersymmetry accessible by direct searches, while being consistent with astrophysical and cosmological probes. The tension with indirect searches is most easily relieved by allowing the lightest MSSM superpartner to decay into new stable states that play the role of dark matter. We examine the viability of this scenario in models with light Abelian and non-Abelian hidden sectors, and asymmetric dark matter. This latter possibility has a natural connection to theories of baryogenesis.

A new experiment called PTOLEMY (Princeton Tritium Observatory for Light, Early-Universe, Massive-Neutrino Yield) is under development at the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory with the goal of challenging one of the most fundamental predictions of the Big Bang – the present-day existence of relic neutrinos produced less than one second after the Big Bang.  Using a gigantic graphene surface to hold 100 grams of a single-atomic layer of tritium, low noise antennas that sense the radio waves of individual electrons undergoing cyclotron motion, and a massive array of cryogenic sensors that sit at the transition between normal and superconducting states, the PTOLEMY project has the potential to challenge one of the most fundamental predictions of the Big Bang, to potentially uncover new interactions and properties of the neutrinos, and to search for the existence of a species of light dark matter known as sterile neutrinos.