Quantum Gravity

In this talk, I will summarize the status of the numerical evaluation of spin foam amplitudes focusing on the Lorentzian EPRL-FK model. I will illustrate how numerical methods can lift some limitations of the theory helping us understand better its continuum and semi-classical limit.

The causal structure of spacetimes containing fully evaporated black holes is considered from the perspective of Lorentzian geometry. The starting point is provided by theorems, due to Kodama, Geroch and Wald, that derive non-global hyperbolicity from a set of premises relating two partial Cauchy surfaces that are thought of as, respectively, lying before and after the evaporation. Here, we consider the Geroch-Wald theorem in the setting of a conformally embedded spacetime a la Penrose and show, under the assumption that complete null geodesics outside the black hole reach the boundary, that there exists visible incomplete null geodesics and that causal continuity fails.

The talk will focus on issues connected with the quantization of initial data for vacuum general relativity on null hypersurfaces. Complete and constraint free initial data for GR can be given on pairs of intersecting null hypersurfaces. These offer a route to a canonical quantization of GR which avoids having to deal with constraints. However the Poisson algebra of these data is rather intricate and it is not obvious how one might quantize it. This algebra is however almost the same in the cylindrically symmetric case as in the full theory, which suggests that the cylindrically symmetric theory ought to offer valuable insights. Here I present recent joint work with Javier Peraza and Miguel Paternain relating the Poisson algebra in the cylindrically symmetric case to well studied algebraic structures.

We argue that in quantum gravity there is no stable equilibrium state corresponding to the Born rule. Our main argument rests on the continued controversy over the physical meaning of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation. We suggest that attempts to interpret it are hampered by the conventional assumption that probabilities should be governed by a fixed Born rule. It is possible to abandon this assumption in a de Broglie-Bohm interpretation. We argue that a stable Born rule emerges only in the limiting Schrödinger regime in which the system is described by an effective (time-dependent) Schrödinger equation with an appropriate conserved current. We consider a regime in which quantum-gravitational corrections to the  Schrödinger equation induce a non-conservation of the standard current. Such a regime can be consistently described in de Broglie-Bohm theory. As a result, quantum-gravitational effects can generate non-equilibrium deviations from the Born rule even starting from an initial equilibrium state. We provide estimates for such effects in an inflationary de Sitter background.

Singularities, boundary points of spacetime beyond which no extension is possible, continue to intrigue both mathematicians and physicists since they are places where our current understanding of physical law breaks down. The question of whether they exist in physical situations is still an open one. Fifty years ago, Hawking and Penrose developed the first general model independent singularity theorems. These theorems showed that singularities have to exist in any spacetime that satisfies certain properties. Some of these properties are mild assumptions but others, called energy conditions, depend on matter content and are more problematic. For both classical and quantum fields, violations of these conditions can be observed in some of the simplest of cases. Therefore there is a need to develop theorems with weaker restrictions, namely energy conditions averaged over an entire geodesic and quantum inequalities, weighted local averages of energy densities. In this work we investigate the strong energy condition in the presence of both classical and quantum non-minimally coupled scalar fields and derive bounds in each case. In the quantum case these bounds take the form of a set of state-dependent quantum energy inequalities valid for the class of Hadamard states. Finally, we show how the quantum inequalities derived can be used as an assumption to a modified Hawking singularity theorem.

Although entanglement harvesting was first posited over 25 years ago, it is only in recent years that this phenomenon has been the subject of active study. The basic idea of entanglement harvesting is to transfer correlations from the vacuum of some quantum field to a pair of detectors. The result provides a new probe of the structure of spacetime via quantum correlations. I shall describe recent work on some of the first results in harvesting entanglement in curved spacetime, in particular anti de Sitter spacetime and black holes.

In both Causal Set Quantum Gravity as well as in the String Landscape, we face the challenging tasks of sifting through large state spaces and searching for the set of solutions which best model our physical universe. I demonstrate in this talk how efficient parallel algorithms can give us access to areas of physics previously unstudied due to computational barriers. I first present new methods to accelerate the evolution of causal set Markov chains, which enables us to look for the spontaneous emergence of manifoldlike structure. Then, I use a similar graph theoretic approach to show how a dynamic vacuum selection mechanism naturally emerges in F-Theory and Type IIB String Theory in the context of eternal inflation. We will discuss in detail relevant numerical aspects, including practical limitations and algorithms from graph theory, and how machine learning can be used in future work.

TBA In the framework set by the AdS/MERA conjecture, we investigate a generalisation of the Tensor Network description of bulk geometry in the language of Group Field Theories, a promising convergence of insights and results from Matrix Models, Loop Quantum Gravity and simplicial approaches. We establish a first dictionary between Group Field Theory and Tensor Network states. With such a dictionary at hand, we target the calculation of the Ryu-Takayanagi formula recently derived for Random Tensor Networks in the quantum gravity formalism.

In this talk I will discuss issues and possibilities to outline Quantum Gravity Phenomenology using cosmological and astrophysical data. After a brief review on some formal aspect of the problem I will focus on the analysis of in-vacuo dispersion features for GRB (gamma-ray-burst) neutrinos of energy in the range of 100 TeV, and for GRB photons with energy in the range of 10 GeV. I will introduce a strategy of data analysis which has the advantage of being applicable to several alternative possibilities for the laws of propagation of neutrinos and other particles in a quantum spacetime. Far from being conclusive, the results to be shown should nonetheless motivate a vigorous program of investigation following the methodology of multi-messenger astronomy.

In this talk, I will show that light cones in MInkowski spacetime are a beautiful analoue of black hole horizons in curved spacetime. To do so, I will prove the analogue of the four laws of black hole thermodynamics in this setting. This is what we called light cone thermodynamics. More precisely, I will consider null surfaces defined by the out-going and in-falling wave fronts emanating from and arriving at a sphere in Minkowski spacetime. Such null surfaces, made of pieces of light cones, are bifurcate conformal Killing horizons for suitable conformally stationary observers. They can be extremal and non-extremal depending on the radius of the shining sphere. Such conformal Killing horizons have a constant light cone (conformal) temperature, given by the standard expression in terms of the surface gravity. Considering exchanges of conformally invariant energy across the conformal horizon, one can prove, in perturbation theory, a first law where entropy changes are given by 1/4 of the changes of the area of the bifurcate surface in Planck units. In the extremal case they become light cones associated with a single event; these have vanishing temperature as well as vanishing entropy. I will conclude with possible generalisations and applications of such results.

Compatibility of asymptotic safety with UV-completions of matter theories may constrain the underlying microscopic dynamics of quantum gravity. Within truncated RG-flows, a weak-gravity bound originates from the loss of quantum scale-invariance in the matter system. Further constraints could arise when linking Planck-scale to electroweak-scale dynamics. Within the constrained region, gravitationally induced scale-invariance could UV-complete the Standard Model, and moreover explain free parameters such as fermion masses and gauge couplings.

The SYK model and its variants are a new class of large N conformal field theories. In this talk, we solve SYK, computing all connected correlation functions. Our techniques and results for summing all leading large N Feynman diagrams are applicable to a significantly broader class of theories.