Quantum Fields and Strings

We review recent developments concerning the dynamics of QCD in 2+1 dimensions. We will discuss the phases of the theory depending on the matter representations and the Chern-Simons level. We present several new dualities and conjectures about the behaviour of these theories in their strongly coupled phases.

We work out constraints imposed by channel duality and analyticity on tree-level amplitudes of four identical real scalars, with the assumptions of a linear spectrum of exchanged particles and Regge asymptotic behaviour. We reduce the requirement of channel duality to a countably infinite set of equations in the general case. We show that channel duality uniquely fixes the soft Regge behaviour of the amplitudes to that found in String theory, (-s)^(2t). Specialising to the case of tachyonic external particles, we use channel duality to show that the amplitude can be any one in an infinite-dimensional parameter space, and present evidence that unitarity doesn't significantly reduce the dimension of the space of amplitudes.
This talk is based on 1707.08135 by Pranjal Nayak, Rohan R. Poojary and RMS.

Branch point twist fields play an important role in the study of measures of entanglement such as the Rényi entropies and the Negativity. In 1+1 dimensions such measures can be written in terms of multi-point functions of branch point twist fields. For 1+1-dimensional integrable quantum field theories and also in conformal field theory much is known about how to compute correlation functions and, with the help of the twist field, this knowledge can be exploited in order to gain new insights into the properties of various entanglement measures. In this talk I will review some of our main results in this context.

I will then go on to introduce a new (related) class of fields we have recently named conical twist fields. These are fields whose two-point functions have (surprisingly) been found to describe gluon amplitudes in the strong coupling limit of super Yang-Mills theories and therefore have featured in a completely different context from that of entanglement measures. Interestingly, at critical points, branch point and conical twist fields have the same conformal dimension and beyond criticality they also have very similar form factors, however they are different in many other respects.  In my talk I will discuss and justify some of their similarities and differences.

A state is called a Markov state if it fulfil the important condition of saturating the Strong Subadditivity inequality. I will show how the vacuum state of any relativistic QFT is a Markov state when reduced to certain geometric regions of spacetime. A characterisation of this regions will be presented as well as two independent proofs of the Markov condition in QFT. 

For the CFT vacuum, the Markov property is the key ingredient to prove the a-theorem (irreversibility of the RG flow in QFT in d=4 spacetime dimensions) using vacuum entanglement entropy. This extends the entropic proofs of the c and F theorems in dimensions d=2 and d=3 and gives a unified picture of all the known irreversibility theorems in QFT. 

I will also comment on the relation of this Markov property with the unitarity bound and other information theory inequalities.

After a small review on divergent series and Borel resummation I will discuss a geometric approach based on Picard-Lefschetz theory to study the interplay between perturbative and non-perturbative effects in the QM path integral.

Such approach can be used to characterize when the perturbative series gives the full answer and when the inclusion of non-trivial saddles--instantons--is mandatory. I will then show how a simple deformation of the original perturbation theory allows to recover the full non perturbative answer from the perturbative coefficients alone, without the need of including instanton corrections. I will illustrate this technique in examples which are known to contain non-perturbative effects, such as the (supersymmetric) double-well potential, the pure anharmonic oscillator, and the perturbative expansion around a false vacuum.

After reviewing the three things in the title I will argue that they represent the same physical phenomenon. In details, Jackiw–Teitelboim (JT) gravity coupled to an arbitrary quantum field theory results in a gravitational dressing of field theoretical scattering amplitudes. The exact expression for the dressed S-matrix was previously known as a solvable example of a novel UV asymptotic behavior, dubbed asymptotic fragility. This dressing is equivalent to the T\barT deformation of the initial quantum field theory compactified on a circle. The same dressed S-matrix is also obtained as a flat space limit of the near AdS2 holography based on (JT) gravity. In order to preserve the flat space unitarity, however, the conventional Schwarzian dressing of boundary correlators needs to be slightly extended. As an intermediate result I will present a new simple expression for flat space amplitudes of massive particles in terms of correlators of holographic CFT’s. 

In quantum theory, there can exist correlations between subsystems of a new kind that are absent in classical systems. These correlations are nowadays called "entanglement".

An entanglement measure is a functional on states quantifying the amount of entanglement across two subsystems (i.e. causally disjoint regions in the context of quantum field theory). A reasonable measure should satisfy certain general properties: for example, it should assign zero entanglement to separable states, and be monotonic under separable, completely positive maps ("LOCC-operations"). The v. Neumann entropy of the "reduced state" (to one of the subsystems) is one such measure if the state for the total system is pure. But for mixed states, it is not, and one has to consider other measures. In particular, one has to consider other measures if the subsystems have a finite non-zero distance.

In this talk I will present several good measures, and in particular analyze the « relative entanglement entropy", $E_R$, defined as the "distance" of the given state to the set of separable states, where "distance" is defined using Araki's relative entropy. I will show several features of this measure for instance: (i) charged states, where the relative entanglement entropy is related to the quantum dimension of the charge, (ii) vacuum states in 1+1 dimensional integrable models, (iii) general upper bounds for certain special regions in general CFTs in d dimensions, (iv) area law type bounds. I will also explain the relationship between $E_R$ and other entanglement measures, such as distillable entropy.

[Based on joint work with Jacobus Sanders.]

Quantum complexity is conjectured to probe inside of black hole horizons (or wormhole) via gauge gravity correspondence. In order to have a better understanding of this correspondence, we study time evolutions of complexities for generic Abelian pure gauge theories. For this purpose, we discretize U(1) gauge group as Z_N and also continuum spacetime as lattice spacetime, and this enables us to define a universal gate set for these gauge theories, and evaluate time evolutions of the complexities explicitly. We find that to achieve a large complexity ∼exp(entropy), which is one of the conjectured criteria necessary to have a dual  black hole, the Abelian gauge theory needs to be maximally nonlocal. (Based on collaboration with Norihiro Iizuka and Sotaro Sugishita, https://arxiv.org/abs/1707.03840)

We study the boundary conditions in the topologically twisted Chern-Simons matter theories with the Lie 3-algebraic structure. We find that the supersymmetric boundary conditions and the gauge invariant boundary conditions can be unified as the complexified gauge invariant boundary conditions which lead to the supergroup WZW models. We examine the BPS indices of the supergroup WZW models which may describe certain junctions of M2-branes and M5-branes by identifying the vacuum configurations of the brane system with the weight diagrams of the associated Lie superalgebras. For the case arising from the BLG model an explicit expression can be given in terms of a mock modular form. We will also consider the alternative matrix quantum mechanical descriptions of the supergroup WZW models. The talk will be based on recent works arXiv:1512.06646, arXiv:1612.07565 and ongoing research.

We will discuss some expectations regarding properties of N=1 SCFTs in four dimensions obtained by compactifying (1,0) theories in six dimensions on a Riemann surface. We will illustrate in detail how these properties come about in the special case of compactifications of two M5 branes probing Z_2 singularity.  In particular, we will obtain a large class of strongly coupled  N=1 theories in four dimensions obtained in such compactifications. We will derive some of their robust properties, such as anomalies and supersymmetric indices.