Quantum Physics

Cellular automata are a central notion for the formulation of physical laws in an abstract information-theoretical scenario, and lead in recent years to the reconstruction of free relativistic quantum field theory. In this talk we extend the notion of a Quantum Cellular Automaton to general Operational Probabilistic Theories. For this purpose, we construct infinite composite systems, illustrating the main features of their states, effects and transformations. We discuss the generalization of the concepts of homogeneity and locality, in an framework where space-time is not a primitive object. We show that homogeneity leads to a Cayley graph structure of the memory array, thus proving the universality of the connection between homogeneity and discrete groups. We conclude illustrating the special case of Fermionic cellular automata, discussing three relevant examples: Weyl and Dirac quantum walks, the Thirring automaton and the simplest families of automata on finite graphs.

I’ll describe a novel application for near-term quantum computers with 50-70 qubits: namely, generating cryptographic random bits, whose randomness can be certified even if the quantum computer is untrusted (e.g., has been backdoored by an adversary).  Unlike schemes based on Bell inequality violation, ours requires only a single device able to solve classically hard sampling problems.  Our protocol harvests the outputs of the sampling process and feeds them into a randomness extractor, while occasionally verifying the outputs using exponential classical time.  I’ll also compare to the beautiful independent work of Brakerski et al., who proposed a scheme for the same problem that has much more efficient verification, but that probably can’t be implemented on near-term devices.  Paper still in preparation.

In physics, every observation is made with respect to a frame of reference. Although reference frames are usually not considered as degrees of freedom, in all practical situations it is a physical system which constitutes a reference frame. Can a quantum system be considered as a reference frame and, if so, which description would it give of the world? The relational approach to physics suggests that all the features of a system —such as entanglement and superposition— are observer-dependent: what appears classical from our usual laboratory description might appear to be in a superposition, or entangled, from the point of view of such a quantum reference frame. In this work, we develop an operational framework for quantum theory to be applied within quantum reference frames. We find that, when reference frames are treated as quantum degrees of freedom, a more general transformation between reference frames has to be introduced. With this transformation we describe states, measurement, and dynamical evolution in different quantum reference frames, without appealing to an external, absolute reference frame. The transformation also leads to a generalisation of the notion of covariance of dynamical physical laws, which we explore in the case of ‘superposition of Galilean translations’ and ‘superposition of Galilean boosts’. In addition, we consider the situation when the reference frame moves in a ‘superposition of accelerations’, which leads us to extend the validity of the weak equivalence principle to quantum reference frames.