Talks

Consider two systems initially at different temperatures that are then quenched to the same final low temperature. The Mpemba effect is a counterintuitive phenomenon where the initially hotter system reaches equilibrium faster than the colder one. While initially observed in the freezing of water, the Mpemba effect is not limited to this scenario and can be explored in the relaxation dynamics of various systems, including those far from equilibrium, such as granular systems. In this presentation, I will provide a general overview of the Mpemba effect, and then focus on the effect in trapped colloidal particles, both active and inactive. Additionally, I will address the challenges in defining the Mpemba effect and explore potential underlying mechanisms.    

We show that heterogeneity in self-propulsion speed leads to the emergence of effective short-range repulsion among active particles coupled via strong attractive potentials. Taking the example of two harmonically coupled active Brownian particles, we analytically compute the stationary distribution of the distance between them in the strong coupling regime, i.e., where the coupling strength is much larger than the rotational diffusivity of the particles. The effective repulsion in this regime is manifest in the emergence of a minimum distance between the
particles, proportional to the difference in their self-propulsion speeds. Physically, this distance of the closest approach is associated to the orientations of the particles being parallel to each other. We show that the physical scenario remains qualitatively similar for any long-range coupling potential, which is attractive everywhere. Moreover, we show that, for a collection of N particles interacting via pairwise attractive potentials, a short-range repulsion emerges for each pair of particles with different self-propulsion speeds. Finally, we show that our results are robust and hold irrespective of the specific active dynamics of the particles.

Release of synaptic vesicles carrying neurotransmitters (also called “quantal content”), form the basis of electrochemical signal transmissions across all synapses. For 70 years, it has been known experimentally that the statistical distribution of each such individual release is a Binomial. Yet the size of the reservoir from which these vesicles get released, fluctuates. Hence the question of the actual distribution of quantal content averaged over these fluctuations, remained open. The problem is difficult due to history dependence -- we make progress by focusing on the steady state. Our work reveals that for fixed frequency electrical input stimulation, the statistically averaged distribution is still a Binomial — for this case, we compare our theory to experimental data from MNTB-LSO synapses of juvenile mice. On the other hand, for random input stimulations the averaged distribution is generically non-Binomial. Often under physiological conditions presynaptic input signals are random. So the exact results in our paper will hopefully help in analyzing experimental distributions in such cases, and make estimates of the model parameters associated with the concerned neuron.

We study a quantum spin chain where the dissipation is induced by the coupling of the density to local baths à la Caldeira and Leggett. In our perspective the bath acts as an annealed disorder with slow dynamics and can induce ordering in the system. At sufficiently strong coupling and zero temperature, it leads in fact to a phase transition between a Luttinger liquid phase and a spin density wave. The nature of the dissipative phase depends on the properties of both the system and the bath and in the incommensurate case it occurs in absence of the opening of a gap but it is due to fractional excitations. We also show, by computing the DC conductivity, that the system is insulating in the presence of a subohmic bath. We interpret this phenomenon as localization induced by the bath.

Many-body localization is a fascinating phenomenon observed in strongly disordered interacting quantum systems. In this talk, I will describe some of our recent works focusing on quantum coherence and single particle excitations across the MBL transition. I will discuss exact relations between various norms of coherence and measure of localization for any generic quantum system and discuss it for a standard model of MBL. Interestingly, though coherence of the full system vanishes in the MBL phase, subsystem coherence increases as the disorder strength increases which can have strong application potential in superconducting qubit arrays and other quantum devices where controlling coherence is a big challenge. On a completely different note, I will discuss single-particle excitations across the MBL transition in systems with random and quasiperiodic potentials and demonstrate that they belong to two different universality classes.

We study the exact fluctuating hydrodynamics of the scaled Light-Heavy model (sLH), in which two species of particles (light and heavy) interact with a fluctuating surface. This model is similar in definition to the unscaled Light-Heavy model (uLH), except it uses rates scaled with the system size. The consequence, it turns out, is a phase diagram that differs from that of the unscaled model. We derive the fluctuating hydrodynamics for this model using an action formalism involving the construction of path integrals for the probability of different states that give the complete macroscopic picture starting from the microscopic one. This is then used to obtain a form for the two-point static correlation between fluctuations in density fields in the homogeneous phase in the steady state. We find that these theoretical results match well with microscopic simulations away from the critical line.

In the hydrodynamic theory, the non-equilibrium dynamics of a many-body system is approximated, at large scales of space and time, by irreversible relaxation to local entropy maximisation. This results in a convective equation corrected by viscous or diffusive terms in a gradient expansion, such as the Navier-Stokes equations. Diffusive terms are evaluated using the Kubo formula, and possibly arising from an emergent noise due to discarded microscopic degrees of freedom. In one dimension of space, diffusive scaling is often broken as noise leads to super-diffusion. But in linearly degenerate hydrodynamics, such as that of integrable models, diffusive behaviors are observed, and it has long be thought that the standard diffusive picture remains valid. In this letter, we show that in such systems, the Navier-Stokes equation breaks down beyond linear response. We demonstrate that diffusive-order corrections do not take the form of a gradient expansion. Instead, they are completely determined by ballistic transport of initial-state fluctuations, and obtained from the non-local two-point correlations recently predicted by the ballistic macroscopic fluctuation theory (BMFT); the resulting hydrodynamic equations are reversible. To do so, we establish a regularised fluctuation theory, putting on a firm basis the recent idea that ballistic transport of initial-state fluctuations determines fluctuations and correlations beyond the Euler scale. This extends the idea of ``diffusion from convection'' previously developed to explain the Kubo formula in integrable systems, to generic non-equilibrium settings.

In this talk I will discuss the potential of future high-resolution CMB observations to probe structure on sub-galactic scales. In particular, I will discuss how a CMB-HD experiment can measure lensing over the range 0.005 h/Mpc < k < 55 h/Mpc, spanning four orders of magnitude, with a total lensing signal-to-noise ratio from the temperature, polarization, and lensing power spectra greater than 1900. These lensing measurements would allow CMB-HD to distinguish between cold dark matter (CDM) and non-CDM models that can resolve apparent small-scale tensions with CDM. In addition, CMB-HD can distinguish between baryonic feedback effects and non-CDM models due to the different way each impacts the lensing signal. The kinetic Sunyaev-Zel’dovich power spectrum measured by CMB-HD further constrains non-CDM models that deviate from CDM. In sum, future CMB experiments will not only measure traditional cosmological parameters with unprecedented precision, but will also simultaneously constrain baryonic physics and dark matter properties that impact sub-galactic scales.

Consider a thermodynamic system that shows a phase transition between an ordered and a disordered phase. The question we ask is: in the parameter regime in which the system exhibits a disordered phase, can we induce order by manoeuvring the system (i) either by forcefully establishing order in a small subset of the total number of degrees of freedom,(ii) or, by shuffling the inherent properties of the individual system constituents among themselves ? Within the ambit of the Kuramoto model, a paradigmatic nonlinear dynamical many-body system, we discuss both analytical and experimental results on how schemes (i)
and (ii) lead to a rich dynamics and, most remarkably, establishing of macroscopic order even in parameter regimes in which the bare dynamics does not support any such ordering.

I will review the work done with my collaborators on intruders in single-file systems. In such systems, particles are on a one-dimensional line and cannot pass one another. This confinement induces an anomalous dynamics for any given tagged particle (subdiffusion or sub-ballistic motion). Focusing on lattice models (SEP), I will explain how to uncover the underlying structure behind this anomalous dynamics using two methods that we developed. At equilibrium we were able to solve for non-stationary density-displacement corrélations. And for out-of-equilibrium problems at high density, we show that everything is encoded in the random walk of a single vacancy.