Scientific Series

Tensions between measurements in the early and the late universe could be the first hint of new physics beyond the cosmological standard model. In particular, the clustering of large scale structure and the current value of the Hubble parameter show intriguing discrepancies between measurements in the early and late universe. In this talk, I review the most common ways of easing these two tensions and focus specifically on parameter extensions and various models of dark matter, such as warm dark matter, cannibalistic dark matter, dark matter interactions, and dark radiation. To constrain these models a variety of cosmological probes, both current and future, is required at different scales and redshifts.

The Ryu Takayanagi formula identifies the area of  extremal surfaces in AdS with the entanglement entropy of the boundary CFT. However the bulk microstate interpretation of the extremal area remains mysterious. Progress along this direction requires understanding how to define entanglement entropy in the bulk closed string theory. As a toy model for AdS/CFT, we study the entanglement entropy of closed strings in the topological A model in the context of Gopakumar Vafa duality. We give a self consistent factorization of the closed string Hilbert space which leads to string edge modes transforming under a q-deformed surface symmetry group. Compatibility with this symmetry requires a q-deformed definition of entanglement entropy. Using the topological vertex formalism, we define the Hartle Hawking state for the resolved conifold and compute its q-deformed entropy directly from the closed string reduced density matrix.  We show that this is the same as the generalized entropy, defined by prescribing a contractible replica manifold for the closed string theory on the resolved conifold.  We then apply the Gopakumar Vafa duality to reproduce the closed string entropy from Chern Simons dual  using the un-deformed definition of entanglement entropy. Finally we relate non local aspects of our factorization map to analogous phenomenon recently found in JT gravity.

Consistent dynamics which couples classical and quantum systems exists, provided it is stochastic. This provides a way to
study the back-reaction of quantum systems on classical ones and has recently been explored in the context of quantum fields back-reacting
on space-time. Since the dynamics is completely positive and circumvents various no-go theorems this can either be thought of as a fundamental theory, or as an effective theory describing the limit of quantum gravity where the gravitational degrees of freedom are taken to be classical. In this talk we explore some of the consequences of complete positivity on the dynamics of classical-quantum systems. We show that complete positivity necessarily results in the decoherence of the quantum system, and a breakdown of predictability in the classical-phase space. We prove there is a trade-off between the rate of this decoherence and the degree of diffusion in the metric: long coherence times require strong diffusion relative to the strength of the coupling, which potentially provides a long-distance experimental test of the quantum nature of gravity  We discuss the consequences of complete positivity on preparing superpositions of gravitationally different states. Each state produces different distributions of the gravitational field determined by the constraints of the theory. The overlap of these distributions imposes an upper bound on the degree of coherence of the superposition.

I will introduce a tool to construct self-testing Bell inequalities from the stabiliser formalism and present two applications in the framework of device-independent certification protocols. Firstly, I will show how the method allows to derive Bell inequalities maximally violated by the family of multi-qubit graph states and suited for their robust self-testing. Secondly, I will present how the same method allows to introduce the first examples of subspace self-testing, a form of certification that the measured quantum state belongs to a given quantum error correction code subspace, which remarkably includes also mixed states.

In recent years, there has been growing interest in cosmological first-order phase transitions in view of gravitational wave observations with space interferometers such as LISA. However, there is only limited understanding on the bubble dynamics and the gravitational wave signals arising from ultra-supercooled transitions (in which the released energy dominates the plasma energy, i.e., near-vacuum transitions), due to the highly relativistic nature of the transition.

In this talk, I introduce some approaches to understand the dynamics and the gravitational wave signals of ultra-supercooled first-order phase transitions:

(1) These transitions proceed with the propagation and collision of highly relativistic fluid profiles involving shock waves. I introduce an approach to construct an effective description of the propagation of such relativistic profiles (1905.00899).

(2) I present an approach to extend the existing model of gravitational wave production and calculate the gravitational wave signals analytically (1707.03111).

We investigate the precession of the spin of the smaller black hole in binary black hole simulations. By considering a sequence of binaries at higher mass ratios, we approach the limit of geodetic precession of a test spin. This precession is corrected by the ``self-torque'' due to the smaller black hole's own spacetime curvature. We find that the spins undergo spin nutations which are not described in conventional descriptions of spin precession, an effect that has been noticed previously in simulations. These nutations arise because the spins are not measured in a frame where the smaller hole is stationary. We develop a simple model for these frame nutations, extract the instantaneous spin precession rate, and compare our results to PN and extreme-mass-ratio approximations for the self-torque.
 

We often say that quantum mechanics allows to calculate the probability of future events. In fact, quantum mechanics does not discriminate between predicting the future or postdicting the past. I will present the results of a recent work by Rovelli, Donà and me, where we address the apparent tension between the time symmetry of elementary quantum mechanics and the intrinsic time orientation of the formulations of quantum theory used in the quantum information and foundations communities. Additionally, I will sketch a way to think time symmetrically about causality in quantum theory by using the new notion of a causal-inferential theory recently proposed by Schimd, Selby and Spekkens.

In recent years, it has become increasingly well-known that nearly all the major no-go theorems in quantum foundations can be circumvented by violating a single assumption: the hidden variables (that determine the outcomes) are uncorrelated with the measurement settings. A hidden-variable theory that violates this assumption can be local, separable, non-contextual and have an epistemic quantum state. Such a theory would be particularly well-suited to relativistic contexts. Are such theories actually feasible? In this talk, we discuss some results on the two physical options to violate this assumption: superdeterminism and retrocausality. 

Developing an intuitive criticism by Bell, we show that superdeterministic models are conspiratorial in a mathematically well-defined sense in two separate ways. In the first approach, we use the concept of quantum nonequilibrium to show that superdeterministic models require finetuning so that the measurement statistics do not depend on the details of how the measurement settings are chosen. In the second approach, we show (without using quantum non-equilibrium) that an arbitrarily large amount of superdeterministic correlation is needed for such models to be consistent. Along the way, we discuss an apparent paradox involving nonlocal signalling in a local superdeterministic model. 

Next, we use retrocausality to build a local, separable, psi-epistemic hidden-variable model of Bell correlations with pilot-waves in physical space. We generalise the model to describe a relativistic Bell scenario where one of the wings experiences time-dilation effects. We show, by discussing the difficulties faced by other hidden-variable approaches in describing this scenario, that the relativistic properties of the model play an important role here (otherwise ornamental in the standard Bell scenario). We also discuss the technical difficulties in applying quantum field theory to recover the model's predictions.

Aaronson and Ambainis (2009) and Chailloux (2018) showed that fully symmetric (partial) functions do not admit exponential quantum query speedups. This raises a natural question: how symmetric must a function be before it cannot exhibit a large quantum speedup? In this work, we prove that hypergraph symmetries in the adjacency matrix model allow at most a polynomial separation between randomized and quantum query complexities. We also show that, remarkably, permutation groups constructed out of these symmetries are essentially the only permutation groups that prevent super-polynomial quantum speedups. We prove this by fully characterizing the primitive permutation groups that allow super-polynomial quantum speedups. In contrast, in the adjacency list model for bounded-degree graphs (where graph symmetry is manifested differently), we exhibit a property testing problem that shows an exponential quantum speedup. These results resolve open questions posed by Ambainis, Childs, and Liu (2010) and Montanaro and de Wolf (2013). Based on: arxiv:2006.12760

The Event Horizon Telescope is a global effort to construct an
Earth-sized virtual radio telescope array, with the goal to make pictures and
movies of two nearby supermassive black holes. A detailed theoretical
understanding of black hole accretion is now crucial to interpret these
observations. I will review our current efforts to model polarimetric
properties of light produced in synchrotron processes in plasma falling
towards the event horizon. The numerical models are based on general
relativistic magnetohydrodynamics simulations so they are capable of capturing
the complex dynamics of magnetic fields and their interactions with plasma. It is now
important to understand the polarized radiative transfer in these simulations
to correctly predict the observational signatures of the events at the event
horizon scales where the accretion disk and jet are connected.

In this talk, I will discuss two problems: quantum data compression
and quantum causal order discovery, both for multipartite quantum
systems. For data compression, we model finitely correlated states as
tensor networks, and design quantum compression algorithms. We first
establish an upper bound on the amount of memory needed to store an
arbitrary state from a given state family. The bound is determined by
the minimum cut of a suitable flow network, and is related to the flow
of information from the manifold of parameters that specify the states
to the physical systems in which the states are embodied. We then
provide a compression algorithm for general state families, and show
that the algorithm runs in polynomial time for matrix product states.

For quantum causal order discovery, we develop the first efficient
quantum causal order discovery algorithm with polynomial black-box
queries with respect to the number of systems. We model the causal
order with quantum combs, and our algorithm outputs the order of
inputs and outputs that the given process is compatible with. Our
method guarantees a polynomial running time for quantum combs with a
low Kraus rank, namely processes with low noise and little information
loss. For special cases where the causal order can be inferred from
local observations, we also propose algorithms that have lower query
complexity and only require local state preparation and local
measurements. Our results will provide efficient ways to detect and
optimize available transmission paths in quantum communication
networks, as well as methods to verify quantum circuits and to
discover the latent structure of multipartite quantum systems.

The Dark Energy Survey (DES) is a photometric galaxy survey which, using measurements of distortions to galaxy shapes from weak gravitational lensing and other observables, we can use to test the validity of our standard cosmological model, LambdaCDM. As an example of this, I will motivate and discuss a recent analysis of the DES Year 1 data (described in https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.05924) in which we use a "growth-geometry split" parameterization to check the consistency of constraints from structure growth and expansion history. I will also highlight some of the ongoing work on the DES Year 3 analysis, as well as challenges we will face as we subject LambdaCDM to increasingly precise tests with future cosmological experiments.