Scientific Series

Measuring the temperature of your coffee should not change the amount of coffee in your cup. This holds because the operators representing the coffee’s energy and volume commute. The intuitive assumption that conserved quantities, also known as charges, commute, underpins basic physics derivations, like that of the thermal state's form and Onsager coefficients. Yet, operators' failure to commute plays a key role in quantum theory, e.g. underlying uncertainty relations. Lifting this assumption has spawned a growing subfield of quantum many-body physics [1].

How can one argue that charges’ noncommutation caused a result? To isolate the effects of charges’ noncommutation, we created analogous models that differ in whether their charges commute and discovered more entanglement in the noncommuting-charge model [2]. We further introduce noncommuting charges (an SU(2) symmetry) into monitored quantum circuits, circuits with unitary evolutions and mid-circuit projective measurements. Numerically, we find that the SU(2)-symmetric model has a critical phase in place of the area-law phase typically found in these circuits [3]. I will focus on the results from Ref 2 and 3. Time permitting, I'll briefly explain how one can use Lie Algebra theory to build the Hamiltonians necessary for testing the predictions of noncommuting charge physics [4].

[1] Majidy et al. "Noncommuting conserved charges in quantum thermodynamics and beyond." Nat Rev Phys (2023)
[2] Majidy et al. "Non-Abelian symmetry can increase entanglement entropy.” PRB (2023)
[3] Majidy et al. "Critical phase and spin sharpening in SU(2)-symmetric monitored quantum circuits." PRB (2023)
[4] Yunger Halpern and Majidy “How to build Hamiltonians that transport noncommuting charges in quantum thermodynamics” npj QI (2022)

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Zoom link https://pitp.zoom.us/j/97193579200?pwd=MkdmbWo1S2lUcUZtUFpORk5VbnFBdz09

We determine the low-energy spectrum and Parisi replica symmetry breaking function for the spin glass phase of the quantum Ising model with infinite-range random exchange interactions and transverse and longitudinal (h) fields. We show that, for all h, the spin glass state has full replica symmetry breaking, and the local spin spectrum is gapless with a spectral density which vanishes linearly with frequency. These results are obtained using an action functional - argued to yield exact results at low frequencies - that expands in powers of a spin glass order parameter, which is bilocal in time, and a matrix in replica space. We also present the exact solution of the infinite-range spherical quantum p-rotor model at nonzero h: here, the spin glass state has one-step replica symmetry breaking, and gaplessness only appears after imposition of an additional marginal stability condition.

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Zoom link https://pitp.zoom.us/j/98757418107?pwd=U1hiQnpKTDI4ajUyL04zRmQ4dVg3UT09

Using a novel version of the gravitational path integral for compact spatial regions at a moment of time symmetry, I argue that a region of space can encode a larger one. In particular, I show that the entanglement entropy of a region of space equals the area of the boundary of the smallest region that contains it. The key insight is to include the effects of the gravitational edge modes associated with the region in the path integral. This result is consistent with a recent conjecture by Bousso and Penington.

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Zoom link https://pitp.zoom.us/j/93301151464?pwd=Z2t5QlpUQ3hoaEkwQlFZS2tITGpEQT09

Dark matter interactions with Standard Model particles can inject energy at early times, altering the standard evolution of the early universe. In particular, this energy injection can perturb the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) away from that of a perfect blackbody, alter the CMB anisotropy spectrum, and affect processes by which the first stars form. For this study, I will discuss recent work to upgrade the DarkHistory code package to more carefully track interactions among low energy electrons, hydrogen atoms, and radiation, in order to accurately compute the evolution of the CMB spectral distortion in the presence of Dark Matter energy injection. I will show results for the contribution to the spectral distortions from redshifts z < 3000 for arbitrary energy injection scenarios, new CMB anisotropy constraints on light dark matter, as well as the effect of exotic energy injection on early star formation.

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Zoom link https://pitp.zoom.us/j/99559611185?pwd=bDFVdmpyVE5CbXVXVHdEL29Md0FXUT09

The cosmic microwave background is a sensitive probe of early-Universe physics, and yet fundamental constants at recombination can differ from their present-day values due to degeneracies in the standard cosmological model. Such scenarios have been invoked to reconcile discrepant measurements of the present-day expansion rate, but even absent such motivation they raise the intriguing possibility of yet-undiscovered physics coupled directly to Standard Model particles. I will discuss theories in which a new scalar field shifts the electron's mass at early times; viable models are already stringently constrained by measurements of quasar absorption lines, the abundances of light elements, and the universality of free fall. I will show that the remaining parameter space is exactly that which allows not only the primary cosmic microwave background but also low-redshift distances to be consistent with observations. After presenting the results of parameter inference I will discuss additional cosmological and laboratory signatures of the model.

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Zoom link https://pitp.zoom.us/j/99705853481?pwd=MTZRWC9hREkvOXpiZkxCM3UvdnRNQT09

Driven by rapid advancements in quantum simulation capabilities across diverse physical platforms, open quantum systems are now of great interest, with special focus on thermalization processes of interacting many-body systems. Various techniques have been used to study operator spreading, to characterize entanglement dynamics, and even to identify exotic phases enabled by dynamical symmetries.

This talk will present a novel perspective on dynamical quantum systems that is capable of reproducing many previous results under a single intuitive framework and enables new results in symmetry-constrained systems. This is accomplished via a mapping between the dynamics averaged over Brownian random time evolution and the low-energy spectrum of a Lindblad superoperator, which acts as an effective Hamiltonian in a doubled Hilbert space. Doing so, we identify emergent hydrodynamics governing charge transport in open quantum systems with various symmetries, constraints, and ranges of interactions. By explicitly constructing dispersive excited states of this effective Hamiltonian using a single mode approximation, we provide a comprehensive understanding of diffusive, subdiffusive, and superdiffusive relaxation in many-body systems with conserved multipole moments and variable interaction ranges. Our approach further allows us to identify exotic Krylov-space-resolved diffusive relaxation despite the presence of dipole conservation, which we verify numerically. Therefore, we provide a simple, general, and versatile framework to qualitatively understand the dynamics of conserved operators under random unitary time evolution, and by extension, thermalizing quantum systems.

O. Ogunnaike, J. Feldmeier, J.Y. Lee, "Unifying Emergent Hydrodynamics and Lindbladian Low-Energy Spectra across Symmetries, Constraints, and Long-Range Interactions," arXiv:2304.13028 (accepted to PRL)

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Squeezing has proven to be a powerful tool for suppressing noise in bosonic quantum sensing and communication. However, it is fragile and the resulting quantum advantage is extremely vulnerable to loss and noise. In this seminar, I will first overview the method of formulating loss and noise and thereby characterizing the practical quantum advantages. Then I will present our recent progress on entanglement-assisted protocols using two-mode squeezed-vacuum states, which are robust to loss and noise. I will demonstrate the quantum advantages in three scenarios: dark matter search, absorption spectroscopy, and telecommunication. Notably, we derived the ultimate precision limit of noise sensing and dark matter search. As a result, we found the two-mode squeezed vacuum is the optimal quantum source for dark matter search at the limit of strong squeezing. This optimality extends to entanglement-assisted communication. In each of the presented scenarios, entanglement-assisted protocols yield quantum advantages of orders of magnitude over classical protocols.

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Zoom link https://pitp.zoom.us/j/94873478582?pwd=c1dxNEVtMGx0ZU4vZjRvTU5OakZoUT09

Abstract TBA

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Zoom link https://pitp.zoom.us/j/92901106970?pwd=SEdZajRQYWlrQzJhRnM0WnRpeHVNdz09

Network nonlocality, and more specifically, triangle network nonlocality, is a basic feature of modern causal modelling when going beyond Bell scenarios. However, despite the apparent simplicity of the problems one may formulate, relatively little is known due to the hardness of certifying nonlocality in networks. In this talk, I will describe a motivating example of a quantum triangle distribution, the Elegant Joint Measurement due to Nicolas Gisin, that is strongly believed to be nonlocal even in the presence of experimental noise. I will then present the ongoing effort to produce a computer-assisted proof of nonlocality for this distribution, thereby developing a toolkit to tackle general nonlocality problems. This effort is based on the inflation technique for causal inference, but taken to higher levels than what was generally considered tractable. This is made possible by a number of optimization techniques, involving symmetry reductions, branch-and-bound optimization, and most importantly, the use of a Frank-Wolfe algorithm to bypass the need to call a standard linear program solver.

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Zoom link https://pitp.zoom.us/j/97499052021?pwd=R1EyU2pmc1hFSzJ1UEpJQ1h0RnQzdz09

W-algebras are a family of vertex algebras obtained as Hamiltonian reductions of affine vertex algebras parametrized by nilpotent orbits. The W-algebras associated with regular nilpotent orbits enjoy the Feigin-Frenkel duality. More recently, Gaiotto and Rap\v{c}\'ak generalize this result to hook-type W-algebras with the triality for vertex algebras at the corner. In this talk, I will present the correspondence of representation categories for the hook-type W-superalgebras and how to gain general W-algebras in type A from hook-type W-algebras. The talk is based on joint works with my collaborators.

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Zoom link https://pitp.zoom.us/j/92163414611?pwd=a1A5NHUrbEpxUUVuS3pEd1VYQk5kdz09

Atmospheric characterisation of habitable-zone exoplanets is a major frontier of exoplanet science. The detection of atmospheric signatures of habitable Earth-like exoplanets is challenging due to their small planet-star size contrast and thin atmospheres with high mean molecular weight. Recently, a new class of habitable sub-Neptune exoplanets, called Hycean worlds, have been proposed, which are expected to be temperate ocean-covered worlds with H2-rich atmospheres. Their large sizes and extended atmospheres, compared to rocky planets of the same mass, make Hycean worlds significantly more accessible to atmospheric spectroscopy. Several temperate Sub-Neptunes have been identified in recent studies as candidate Hycean worlds orbiting nearby M dwarfs that make them highly conducive for transmission spectroscopy with JWST. Recently, we reported the first JWST spectrum of a possible Hycean world, K2-18 b, with detections of multiple carbon-bearing molecules in its atmosphere. In this talk, we will present constraints on the atmospheric composition of K2-18 b and on the temperature structure, clouds/hazes, atmospheric extent, chemical disequilibrium and the possibility of a habitable ocean underneath the atmosphere. We will discuss new observational and theoretical developments in the characterisation of candidate Hycean worlds, and their potential for habitability. Our findings demonstrate the unprecedented potential of JWST for characterising Hycean worlds, and temperate sub-Neptunes in general, and open a new era of atmospheric characterisation of habitable-zone exoplanets with JWST.

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Zoom link https://pitp.zoom.us/j/98012554989?pwd=b0pCYkIvYmd2Y2hueUExQXBNVG8vZz09