Scientific Series

Majorana zero modes have attracted much interest in recent years because of their promising properties for topological quantum computation. A key question in this regard is how fast two Majoranas can be exchanged giving rise to a unitary gate operation. In this presentation I will first explain that the transport of Majoranas in one-dimensional topological superconductors can be formulated as a “simple” optimal control optimization problem for which we propose several different control regimes. Next I will discuss the optimization methods, Differential Programming and Natural Evolution Strategies, that were applied to the Majorana control problem and came up with a counter-intuitive transport strategy. This strategy, which we dubbed jump-move-jump, will form the focus of the last part of the presentation in which I explain the key underlying mechanisms behind the strategy by reformulating the motion of Majoranas in a moving frame. I will conclude by arguing that these results demonstrate that machine learning for quantum control can be applied efficiently to quantum many-body dynamical systems with performance levels that make it relevant to the realization of large-scale quantum technology.

Renormalisation in curved spacetimes is an involved subject. In contrast to renormalisation in a flat spacetime, the standard momentum representation is not directly available. Nevertheless, the momentum dependence of correlation functions is crucial to deciding whether a theory is unitary and causal. I will discuss how to define a notion of momentum dependence in gravity on a fundamental level. With this at hand, one can discuss an important quantum field theory observable: scattering cross sections. Taking the example of gravity-mediated scalar scattering, I will discuss conditions that a quantum field theory of gravity has to fulfil to have a well-behaved scattering amplitude. These can be satisfied without the introduction of massive higher spin modes as is done in string theory. Finally, I will review the status of first principle calculations of the non-perturbative momentum dependence of quantum gravity correlation functions.

A classical result of R. Courant gives an upper bound for the count of nodal domains (connected components of the complement of where a function vanishes) for Dirichlet eigenfunctions on compact planar domains.  This can be generalized to Laplace-Beltrami eigenfunctions on compact surfaces without boundary. When considering random linear combinations of eigenfunctions, one can make this count more precise and pose statistical questions on the geometries appearing amongst the nodal domains: what percentage have one hole? ten holes? what percentage have their boundary being tangent 100 times to a fixed non-zero vector field? The first 20-25 minutes will give a survey on some fundamental results of Nazarov-Sodin, Sarnak-Wigman, and Gayet-Welschinger before presenting some joint works with I. Wigman (King's College London) and Matthew de Courcy-Ireland (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) answering these questions in the last 25-30 minutes.

Gravitational waves from the coalescence of compact binaries provide a unique opportunity to test gravity in strong field regime. In particular, the postmerger phase of the gravitational signal is a proxy for the nature of the remnant.

This is of particular interest in view of some quantum-gravity models which predict the existence of horizonless dark compact objects that overcome the paradoxes associated to black holes. Such dark compact objects can emit a modified ringdown with respect to the black hole case and late-time gravitational wave echoes as characteristic fingerprints.

In this talk, I develop a generic framework to the study of the ringdown of dark compact objects and provide a gravitational-wave template for the echo signal. Finally, I assess the detectability of dark compact objects with current and future gravitational-wave detectors.

Zero-knowledge proofs are one of the cornerstones of modern cryptography. It is well known that any language in NP admits a zero-knowledge proof. In the quantum setting, it is possible to go beyond NP. Zero-knowledge proofs for QMA have first been studied in a work of Broadbent et al (FOCS'16). There, the authors show that any language in QMA has an (interactive) zero-knowledge proof. In this talk, I will describe an idea, based on quantum teleportation, to remove interaction at the cost of adding an instance-independent preprocessing step. Assuming the Learning With Errors problem is hard for quantum computers, the resulting protocol is a non-interactive zero-knowledge argument for QMA, with a preprocessing step that consists of (i) the generation of a Common Reference String and (ii) a single (instance-independent) quantum message from the verifier to the prover.

This is joint work with Thomas Vidick and Tina Zhang

One of the major themes of the modern condensed matter physics is the study of materials with nontrivial electronic structure topology. Particularly significant progress in this field has happened within the last decade, due to the discovery of topologically nontrivial states of matter, that have a gap in their energy spectrum, namely Topological Insulators and Topological Superconductors. In this talk I will describe the most recent work, partly my own, extending the notions of the nontrivial electronic structure topology to gapless states of matter as well, namely to semimetals and even metals. I will discuss both the theoretical concepts, and the recent experimental work, realizing these novel states of condensed matter.

Current and forthcoming observing runs at ground-based laser interferometry detectors are starting to uncover gravitational waves from binary black hole (BBH) mergers at cosmological distances, and a fraction of them are expected to be gravitationally lensed by intervening galaxy or cluster lenses with multiple images. Such strongly lensed events, if discovered, may offer a precious opportunity to localize BBH host galaxies and probe global and small-scale property of the lens mass profile. We investigate multiple BBH events showing parameter coincidence in the LIGO/Virgo O2 run, and search for additional sub-threshold signals that may be fainter lensed images. For the first time, we factor in the effect of the Morse phase shift in the analysis, and demonstrate how to measure the relative Morse phase via joint parameter inference. We confirm curiously high level of intrinsic and extrinsic parameter coincidence between GW170814 and GW170104, and uncover a third sub-threshold candidate lensed image, GWC170620, in a single-template search, which amounts to an estimated 10^-4 overall chance of statistical fluke. The measured relative Morse phases among the three events, although consistent with ray-optics lensing, point toward a complicated and unexpected image topology with a magnified image at a local maximum of the Fermat potential, which however casts doubt on the lensing hypothesis. The long time delays on the order of months necessarily require a massive lens of galaxy cluster scale. If a genuine set of multiple lensed images, we localize the source to ~ 16 deg^2 on the sky and suggest a range 0.4 < z < 0.7 for its redshift. Optical follow-up observations are encouraged to collect any additional information that may further shed light on the case. 
 

In this talk, we review an approach to describing cosmological physics using ordinary AdS/CFT, where the cosmological physics is the effective description of an end-of-the-world brane which cuts off the second asymptotic region of a two-sided black hole. The worldvolume geometry of the brane is an FRW big-bang/big-crunch spacetime. Infavorable circumstances, the brane acts as a Randall-Sundrum Planck brane so that gravity localizes. We describe a microscopic construction for such an end-of-the-world brane with localized gravity in AdS/CFT, starting from N=4 SYM theory. We suggest specific microscopic states of N=4 SYM theory that may encode the physics in a four-dimensional cosmological spacetime.

The interplay between topology, strong correlations, and kinetic energy presents a new challenge for the theory of quantum matter. In this talk I will describe some recent progress on understanding a simple class of problems where these effects can all be analytically handled. I will first present results on a microscopic lowest Landau theory of the composite fermi liquid state of bosons at filling 1.  Building on work from the 1990s I will derive an effective field theory for this system that takes the form of a non-commutative field theory. I will show that an approximate mapping of this theory to a commutative field theory yield the familiar Halperin-Lee-Read action but with parameters correctly described by the interaction strength. I will describe the effect of a finite bandwidth  introduced to the Landau Level and describe the evolution between the composite Fermi liquid and a boson superfluid. Time permitting, I will describe some generalizations that will include the evolution between a Quantum Anomalous Hall state and a Landau Fermi liquid that may be experimentally accessible in moire graphene systems.

The Raychaudhuri equation predicts the convergence of geodesics and gives rise to the singularity theorems. The quantum Raychaudhuri equation (QRE), on the other hand, shows that quantal trajectories, the quantum equivalent of the geodesics, do not converge and are not associated with any singularity theorems. Furthermore, the QRE gives rise to the quantum corrected Friedmann equation. The quantum correction is dependent on the wavefunction of the perfect fluid whose pressure and density enter the Friedmann equation. We show that for a suitable choice of the wavefunction this term can be interpreted as a small positive cosmological constant.

The statement that general relativity is deterministic finds its mathematical formulation in the celebrated ‘Strong Cosmic Censorship Conjecture’ due to Roger Penrose. I will present my recent results on this conjecture in the case of negative cosmological constant and in the context of black holes. It turns out that this is intimately tied to Diophantine properties of a suitable ratio of mass and angular momentum of the black hole.

We study the problem of learning the Hamiltonian of a quantum many-body system given samples from its Gibbs (thermal) state. The classical analog of this problem, known as learning graphical models or Boltzmann machines, is a well-studied question in machine learning and statistics. In this work, we give the first sample-efficient algorithm for the quantum Hamiltonian learning problem. In particular, we prove that polynomially many samples in the number of particles (qudits) are necessary and sufficient for learning the parameters of a spatially local Hamiltonian in l_2-norm.
Our main contribution is in establishing the strong convexity of the log-partition function of quantum many-body systems, which along with the maximum entropy estimation yields our sample-efficient algorithm. Classically, the strong convexity for partition functions follows from the Markov property of Gibbs distributions. This is, however, known to be violated in its exact form in the quantum case. We introduce several new ideas to obtain an unconditional result that avoids relying on the Markov property of quantum systems, at the cost of a slightly weaker bound. In particular, we prove a lower bound on the variance of quasi-local operators with respect to the Gibbs state, which might be of independent interest.

Joint work with Srinivasan Arunachalam, Tomotaka Kuwahara, Mehdi Soleimanifar