High Energy Physics

In this talk I’ll highlight the existence of gaps in the spectrum of GWs poorly explored by current observations and that may contain information about BSM physics or primordial cosmology. I’ll focus on the muHz gap, and explain how to use the resonance absorption of GWs by binary systems (as the Earth-Moon system or binary pulsars) to access this band. I’ll also highlight the potential of high frequency (\omega > kHz) GWs. The focus of this second part will be the use of cavities to detect these signals, together with a brief discussion of sources and what can be learned from them.

Zoom Link:  https://pitp.zoom.us/j/94501758748?pwd=amFsTjV5Z1c5SHJrVVBCanVCRHRMUT09

The language of integrable systems is widely applicable to string theory. One context where it is useful is the Seiberg-Witten theory, describing low-energy dynamics of confined 4d N=2 supersymmetric gauge theories: the families of complex curves with differentials, playing a central role in this description, appeared to be spectral curves, solving the integrable systems of interacting particles. Moreover, the spectrum of stable BPS particles appears from the consideration of hyperkahler structures on the phase spaces of integrable systems. And the full partition functions of instantons, regularized by Omega-background, solve deuatonomized systems of particles.

In my talk, I will explain correspondence unifying to some extent two latter ones. It relates discrete dynamics of so-called cluster integrable systems and partition functions of 5d N=1 supersymmetric gauge theories, or more generally of topological stings on corresponding local Calabi-Yau manifolds. Based on the simplest non-trivial example, I will show how both "equations" and "solutions" sides of correspondence naturally appear in the simple statistical models of dimers and "melting crystals" made out of them.

Zoom link:  https://pitp.zoom.us/j/91449709915?pwd=eUVDeDdHVGI2ZVRwQ0hneXFpQk1wQT09

A dark energy-like component in the early universe, known as early dark energy (EDE), is a proposed solution to the Hubble tension. In this talk, I will describe how a frequentist profile likelihood yields important complementary information compared to a Bayesian MCMC analysis. While in an MCMC analysis, the EDE model is clearly disfavoured by Cosmic Microwave Background and large-scale structure data, a profile likelihood analysis prefers consistently larger amounts of EDE and with that a Hubble constant consistent with the SH0ES measurement for the same data sets. The difference between MCMC and profile likelihood can be explained by prior volume effects in the MCMC analysis. I will discuss how frequentist and Bayesian methods can give important complementary information in the context of beyond-LCDM models.

Zoom link:  https://pitp.zoom.us/j/97257428766?pwd=ckx4ajRsQVRQUnpXaGEvZEtEWW9ldz09

Phase transitions in everyday systems are often catalysed by the presence of impurities, but in cosmology we typically assume the initial state is a homogeneous vacuum. In this talk I will discuss how topological defects can seed first order phase transitions in the early universe, causing them to proceed much more rapidly than in the usual case. The field profiles describing the decay do not have the typically assumed O(3)/O(4) symmetry, requiring an extension of the usual decay rate calculation. To numerically determine the saddle point solutions which describe the decay we use a new algorithm based on the mountain pass theorem. I will present results showing the significance of this effect for catalysis by magnetic monopoles in a simplified model, then discuss the same effect for domain walls catalysing the electroweak phase transition. The presence of domain walls can significantly modify the predictions for gravitational wave signal which may be observed with LISA.

Zoom link:  https://pitp.zoom.us/j/96182819088?pwd=cXhnVjFlT0tkc1VsRld0Yk43bFROUT09

We consider four-point correlators in an arbitrary excited state of a quantum field theory.  We show that when the theory and state are holographic, such correlators can produce high-quality movies of point-like bulk particles, revealing the geometry in which they move. In some situations, Einstein’s equations amount to a local differential equation on the correlator data. In theories or states that are not holographic, images are too blurry to extract a bulk geometry. Calculations are performed by adapting formulas from conformal Regge theory, to excited states and out-of-time-order correlators.

Zoom link: https://pitp.zoom.us/j/94153545930?pwd=YUFsUW44S1Z5Ri83a2xQdEN0Vk9XZz09

Direct detection experiments search for dark matter through its potential interactions with the SM particles. However, light dark matter models with particle masses below the GeV scale are still largely unconstrained. As we will see in this talk, sensitivity to such small momentum transfer can benefit from quantum sensors, which employ fundamental quantum mechanical phenomena to notice energy depositions otherwise unreachable. Quantum sensors can considerably extend the range in dark matter mass of traditional WIMP experiments and be complementary to other direct detection methods. In the first part of the talk, I will examine a proposal to use atom interferometers to detect a light dark matter subcomponent at sub-GeV masses. DM scattering off of one “arm” of the atom interferometer can cause trackable decoherence and phase shifts. Two key factors render atom interferometers highly competitive experiments for very low masses: they are sensitive to extremely low momentum deposition and their coherent atoms give them a boost in sensitivity. On the second part of the talk, I will present a new proposal to search for axions with optomechanical cavities.  As we will see, the Bose-enhancement of a final state coherent population of photons or phonons can help overcoming the strong suppression from the axion to photon coupling. A unique advantage of this novel search, axioptomechanics, is that the cavity size need no longer be matched to the axion mass, which allows to probe a wide window of axion masses.

Zoom Link:  https://pitp.zoom.us/j/92645586400?pwd=bm1VUEVqUzNOOXV2VnhEUkJtdWZrZz09

One central property of the S-matrix is its invariance under field redefinitions. I will discuss how the geometry of field space makes this invariance manifest. This geometric formulation also has practical consequences. Scattering amplitudes and the renormalization group equations for a theory of scalars and gauge bosons only depend on geometric quantities. Also, the scattering amplitudes satisfy a geometric soft theorem.

Zoom link:  https://pitp.zoom.us/j/98973018515?pwd=MFJFSGM4RS9KRHFOREFBc1gvWXYwQT09

I will speak about my recent work with Vladimir Kazakov where we study the SU(Nc) lattice Yang-Mills theory in the planar limit, at dimensions D=2,3,4, via the numerical bootstrap method. It combines the Makeenko-Migdal loop equations, with the cut-off L on the maximal length of loops, and the positivity conditions on certain correlation matrices. Our algorithm is inspired by the pioneering paper of P. Anderson and M. Kruczenski but it is significantly more efficient, as it takes into account the symmetries of the lattice theory and uses the relaxation procedure in the line with our previous work on matrix bootstrap. We thus obtain the rigorous upper and lower bounds on the plaquette average at various couplings and dimensions. The results are quickly improving with the increase of cutoff L. For D=4 and L=16, the lower bound data appear to be close to the Monte Carlo data in the strong coupling phase and the upper bound data in the weak coupling phase reproduce well the 3-loop perturbation theory. We attempt to extract the information about the gluon condensate from this data. Our results suggest that this bootstrap approach can provide a tangible alternative to, so far uncontested, the Monte Carlo approach.

Zoom link:  https://pitp.zoom.us/j/96101268796?pwd=QkdJbm9GUzQ2YnIrM1NlcUt2Z3Nvdz09

This course uses quantum electrodynamics (QED) as a vehicle for covering several more advanced topics within quantum field theory, and so is aimed at graduate students that already have had an introductory course on quantum field theory. Among the topics hoped to be covered are: gauge invariance for massless spin-1 particles from special relativity and quantum mechanics; Ward identities; photon scattering and loops; UV and IR divergences and why they are handled differently; effective theories and the renormalization group; anomalies.

In this talk, I will show that the action of soft graviton operators generates a w(1+infinity) symmetry in gravitational theories minimally coupled to massless and massive scalar matter in 4D asymptotically flat spacetimes.  I will discuss how the symmetry action follows from an infinite tower of soft graviton theorems in momentum space.  By generalizing the previous analyses of w(1+infinity) symmetry in massless amplitudes, these results clarify that the symmetry emerges in 4D asymptotically flat gravitational theories without any additional technical ingredients.  This talk is based on a forthcoming paper with Monica Pate. 

Zoom link:  https://pitp.zoom.us/j/91448920819?pwd=cFY0L1JPVFF2bDUwc3JiVlRlbE5ldz09

Searches for dark matter decaying into photons constrain its lifetime to be many orders of magnitude larger than the age of the Universe. A corollary statement is that the abundance of any particle that can decay into photons over cosmological timescales is constrained to be much smaller than the cold dark-matter density. We show that an irreducible freeze-in contribution to the relic density of axions is in violation of that statement in a large portion of the parameter space. This allows us to set stringent constraints on axions in the mass range 100 eV - 100 MeV. 

Zoom Link:  https://pitp.zoom.us/j/99147137560?pwd=MC81d3h0OE9BZzZQcGpJakVvOFVOQT09

This course uses quantum electrodynamics (QED) as a vehicle for covering several more advanced topics within quantum field theory, and so is aimed at graduate students that already have had an introductory course on quantum field theory. Among the topics hoped to be covered are: gauge invariance for massless spin-1 particles from special relativity and quantum mechanics; Ward identities; photon scattering and loops; UV and IR divergences and why they are handled differently; effective theories and the renormalization group; anomalies.