Strong Gravity

With upcoming LIGO runs and new projects like LSST and ULTRASAT, black hole (BH)-powered multi-messenger events will be at the forefront of astrophysics. A major challenge in studying BH-powered explosions is the vast dynamical range between the BH and the emission site, which has hindered theoretical models from capturing the underlying physics from observations. Using 3D neutrino-general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations, I will present the first such models, introducing an innovative model that now enables us to link GRB classes in mergers to their central engines and binary merger origins. For collapsing stars, I will demonstrate how our simulations open new frontiers in astrophysics, including a novel idea of how nascent BHs acquire their strong magnetic fields, heavy element nucleosynthesis in supernovae, the evolution of relativistic jets, new types of transients, and predictions of new vigorous, coherent, non-inspiral gravitational wave sources that may already be detectable by LIGO. These insights will be crucial for extracting the physics of transients from future gravitational wave and electromagnetic detections.

As endpoints of massive stellar evolution, showcases for the densest matter in the universe, and sites for heavy element nucleosynthesis, neutron star mergers are superb laboratories for astrophysics, strong gravity and nuclear physics. Gravitational-wave observations of these mergers are beginning to reveal neutron stars’ internal structure, provide insight into the astrophysical processes that form them, and expose their role in the chemical evolution of the Galaxy. I will survey some of my recent work in these areas and describe how our theoretical understanding of neutron stars is being shaped by gravitational-wave discoveries.

In this talk, I will provide an overview of neutron star (NS) mergers, highlighting the insights gained through numerical relativity simulations. I will mainly focus on the role of the cocoon shock breakout emission as a key early electromagnetic counterpart of NS mergers, with special relevance to events like GW170817. I will explore how the properties of the merger ejecta and the nature of the central engine influence the resulting emission. Additionally, I will present recent advancements in the development of our new general relativistic magnetohydrodynamics (GR-MHD) code GR-Athena++, and share ongoing research efforts on the evolution of magnetic fields in the post-merger remnant.

I will review various mechanisms and detection strategies of precursor emission to black holes and neutron stars mergers. I will also discuss other peculiar physical processes at the intersection of electromagnetism, classical General Relativity, and the physics of continuous media.

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Fueling and feedback couple supermassive black holes (SMBHs) to their host galaxies across many orders of magnitude in spatial and temporal scales, making this problem notoriously challenging to simulate. We use a multi-zone computational method based on the general relativistic magneto-hydrodynamic (GRMHD) code KHARMA that allows us to span 7 orders of magnitude in spatial scale, to simulate accretion onto a non-spinning SMBH from an external medium with Bondi radius ~ 2e5 G*M/c^2, where M is the SMBH mass. For the classic idealized Bondi problem, spherical gas accretion without magnetic fields, our simulation results agree very well with the general relativistic analytic solution. Meanwhile, when the accreting gas is magnetized, the SMBH magnetosphere becomes saturated with a strong magnetic field. The density profile varies as ~ r^(-1) rather than r^(-3/2) and the accretion rate is consequently suppressed by over 2 orders of magnitude below the Bondi rate. We find continuous energy feedback from the accretion flow to the external medium at a level of 1% of the accreted rest mass energy (~ 0.01 Mdot * c^2). Energy transport across these widely disparate scales occurs via turbulent convection triggered by magnetic field reconnection near the SMBH. Thus, strong magnetic fields that accumulate on horizon scales transform the flow dynamics far from the SMBH and naturally explain observed extremely low accretion rates compared to the Bondi rate, as well as at least part of the energy feedback.

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The two body problem in general relativity is of great theoretical and observational interest, and can be studied in the post-Newtonian, post-Minkowskian and small mass ratio approximations, as well as with effective one body and fully numerical techniques. An issue that arises is whether the motion can be decomposed into dissipative and conservative sectors for which the conservative sector admits a Hamiltonian description. This has been established to various orders in the post-Newtonian and post-Minkowskian approximations. In this talk, I will go over recent work where we showed that in the small mass ratio approximation, the motion of a (spinning) point particle under the conservative piece of the first-order self force is Hamiltonian in any stationary spacetime. After this, I describe two issues that arise when attempting to extend these results to subleading order in the mass ratio, namely infrared divergences and ambiguities in the conservative/dissipative splittings. I suggest resolutions of these issues and successfully derive a subleading Hamiltonian conservative sector for the scalar self force, as a toy model for the gravitational case.

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Recent progress in gravitational wave astronomy has spurred the development of efficient tools to describe gravitational binary dynamics. One such tool is classical worldline effective field theory (EFT). In the first part of my talk, I will show how to use this EFT for systematic studies of tidal heating and deformations (Love numbers) of compact objects. I will present a gauge-invariant definition of Love numbers and show how to extract them in a coordinate-independent way from scattering amplitudes of the gravitational Raman process. I will show that the worldline EFT exhibits strong fine-tuning when applied to black holes. This gives rise to a naturalness paradox associated with the vanishing of black hole static Love numbers. In the second part of my talk, I will present a new symmetry of black holes (Love symmetry) that elegantly resolves this paradox. The Love symmetry is tightly connected to isometries of extremal black holes that appear in many holographic constructions. It also provides a curious example of IR/UV mixing, which may give insights for other hierarchy problems.

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Recent horizon-scale images of Messier 87* and Sagittarius A* have been used to demonstrate that their spacetimes are well-described by the Kerr metric. The latter is a solution to the vacuum Einstein equations of general relativity, and is used to describe spinning black holes. While of fundamental importance, it has undesirable features such as a spacetime singularity or a Cauchy horizon. To find phenomenological resolutions of such features, using observations, studies of astrophysical processes in non-Kerr spacetimes have recently gained prominence. We will begin by briefly reviewing the current status of observational constraints on such alternatives. We will then demonstrate how future observations of the "photon ring" can grant access to new observables that will refine our physical understanding of strong-gravity. We will end by sketching how, using state-of-the-art numerical simulations, the energetics of relativistic outflows (jets) is universally described by a simple electromagnetic Penrose process (the Blandford-Znajek mechanism).

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Gravitational waves detected by advanced ground-based interferometers have given us an unprecedented look at the universe. Yet, a central mystery remains: How are sources of gravitational waves — in particular, black-hole and neutron-star mergers — formed in nature? The measured masses, spins, and redshifts of these compact objects offer some clues to solving this mystery. In this talk, I will describe state-of-the art techniques for characterizing and simulating pairs of black holes and neutron stars. To conclude, I will argue that a multi-pronged approach combining both model-agnostic data analysis and detailed simulations will help unlock the histories of these exotic objects.

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To set the stage, I discuss different assumptions about physics beyond GR and resulting expectations about where to look for the breakdown of the Kerr paradigm. In particular, I present counterexamples to the prevailing expectation that deviations from GR are necessarily tied to local curvature scales. This provides a motivation to probe for a potential breakdown of black-hole uniqueness, not just for solar-mass but also for supermassive black holes. I will then focus on how to leverage VLBI observations of light emitted in the accretion disk to probe the stationary and axisymmetric background spacetime. I will detail different assumptions about additional hidden symmetries of the spacetime and how to then systematically parameterize deviations. Within such a parametrization, I will demonstrate a systematic lensing-band framework to exclude spacetimes for which an observed VLBI feature cannot arise from geodesics that traversed the equatorial plane more than once. If time permits, I will also address complimentary tests with solar-mass binaries and possible pathways to achieve stable nonlinear evolution.

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Recent developments point to a remarkable resistance of black holes to tidal deformations under the influence of external gravitational fields. Relying on hidden symmetries, compelling progress has been achieved to explain that the Love numbers, characterizing tidal deformations for Kerr black holes, vanish. How does the phenomenon of tidal squeezing manifest in broader dynamical contexts? An examination of the dynamical tidal deformations in rotating black holes will be presented.

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