Talks

Albert Einstein developed the general theory of relativity 100 years ago as an answer to fundamental problems of contemporary physics. Yet the theory remained a marginal phenomenon of physics, especially in comparison to quantum theory, until the second half of the 20th century. That's when the renaissance in general relativity combined with the rise of relativistic astrophysics, turning general relativity into a key instrument in astrophysics. This talk will trace the genesis of general relativity, look at Einstein's research and the work of many other scientists who contributed to the theory, and show how general relativity eventually became not only a highly active field of research but one of the principal challenges to the conceptual unification of physics.

Thousands of exoplanets are known to orbit nearby stars, with further evidence that every star in our Milky Way Galaxy has planets. Beyond their discovery, a new era of “exoplanet characterization” is underway with an astonishing diversity of exoplanets driving the fields of planet formation and evolution, interior structure, atmospheric science, and orbital dynamics to new depths. The push to find smaller and smaller planets down to Earth size is succeeding and motivating the next generation of space telescopes to have the capability to find and identify planets that may have suitable conditions for life or even signs of life by way of atmospheric biosignature gases. After thousands of years of people wondering “Are we alone?”, we are the first generation in human history to be able to make quantitative progress in answering this age-old question.

In this talk I'll survey the current observational status in cosmology, highlighting recent developments such as results from the Planck satellite, and speculate on what we might achieve in the future. In the near future some important milestones will be exploration of the neutrino sector, and much better constraints on the physics of the early universe via B-mode polarization. In the far future we can hope to measure a variety of cosmological parameters to much higher precision than they are currently constrained.

The Event Horizon Telescope, global array of millimetre telescopes, has now enabled studies of nearby supermassive black holes on sub-horizon length scales. This unprecedented access opens a window onto not only the high-energy astrophysics of black hole accretion and jet formation, but also the nature of gravity in the heretofore unexplored strongly non-linear regime near the black hole horizon. I will summarize the state of the Event Horizon Telescope, what results obtained over the past 7 years, and how a revolution in capability will produce precision tests of strong gravity over the next 2-3 years.

For nearly a century, we have known that the majority of matter in the universe is not luminous. In the past few decades we have come to be certain that this matter is not only not luminous but not made out of any of the particle ever observed in a laboratory. I will describe the ongoing hunt for this matter and the prospects for the discovery in the next decade. I will further discuss recent claims the dark matter may have been discovered in various signals, and prospects for resolving these claims in the next few years. Finally I will touch on the idea of "dark forces," the idea of an expansive dark sector that is much greater than a single dark particle.

Apart from high temperature superconductivity, the cuprate compounds also display fascinating new types of metallic states from which the superconductivity descends. These metals have served as a remarkable laboratory for modern ideas on long-range quantum entanglement and its consequences for the properties of quantum matter. In the low carrier density “pseudogap” regime we observe a metal which is similar in many respects to simple metals like silver; however, there is increasing evidence that the simple metallic character co-exists with more exotic topological order. At higher dopings we have the “strange metal” which differs in almost all respects from simple metals, and has no well-defined quasiparticle excitations. I will describe a mean-field model of a strange metal which, remarkably, yields the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy of charged black holes.