Richard Feynman's last blackboard at Caltech contains a number of tantalizing inscriptions about Bethe Ansatz in quantum integrable models, which fascinated him in the last years of his life. After reviewing some basic examples, I will present a modern perspective on the subject, linking it to dualities in QFT and String Theory, as well as the Langlands duality in mathematics. I will then discuss some recent developments that lend support to Feynman's intuition that these ideas could be useful in the study of 4d gauge theory, and formulate some open questions.