Quantum Matter

Topological aspects of physical systems, including the called topological states of matter, have become hot topics in the frontiers of physics in recent years. Here I would like to present a mathematically "popular" talk for professional physicists for a highlight or overview of how one can systematize knowledge of topological aspects of quantum field theories. Our starting points are Descent Equations and Gauge Structure in Configuration Space in Field Theory. (The audience needs only to know the meaning of "differential forms".)

In this talk, I will present our latest results on the development of algorithms for computer simulations based on tensor network states (TNS). The major part of this talk is concerned with finite projected entangled pair states (PEPS) in 2D: I will discuss their algorithmic properties as well as their performance for typical benchmark Hamiltonians [1, 2]. A minor part of this talk deals with the question whether TNS methods can be useful for density functional theory (DFT).

[1] M. Lubasch, J. I. Cirac, and M.-C. Ba\~{n}uls, New J. Phys. \textbf{16}, 033014 (2014).

[2] M. Lubasch, J. I. Cirac, and M.-C. Ba\~{n}uls, Phys. Rev. B \textbf{90}, 064425 (2014).

Modern numerical methods have revolutionized the practice of science, creating a third discipline between traditional theory and experiment. Perhaps the most widely known and successful technique has been the Monte Carlo method in general, and the Metropolis algorithm in particular. In this talk, I will present a new way of performing unbiased Monte Carlo simulations based on highly-accurate tensor network contractions. The resulting technique inherits the legendary precision of tensor networks without any of the variational bias. From a Monte Carlo point-of-view, the method can be seen as an aggressive multi-sampling technique where each sample may account for the vast majority of the entire partition function resulting a a drastic reduction in sample-to-sample variance (in contrast to standard
configuration-based Monte Carlo, where only a small subset of possible configurations are sampled). The presented results are all classical, though applications to quantum systems and the sign problem will be discussed.

The orbital angular momentum in a chiral superfluid has posed a paradox for several decades. For example, for the $p+ip$-wave superfluid of $N$ fermions, the total orbital angular momentum should be $N/2$ if all the fermions form Cooper pairs. On the other hand, it appears to be substantially suppressed from $N/2$, considering that only the fermions near the Fermi surface would be affected by the pairing interaction. To resolve the long-standing question, we studied chiral superfluids in a two-dimensional circular well, in terms of a conserved charge and spectral flows. We find that the total orbital angular momentum takes the full value $N/2$ in the chiral $p+ip$-wave superfluid, while it is strongly suppressed in higher-order ($d+id$ etc.) chiral superfluids. This surprising difference is elucidated in terms of edge states.

Matrix product operators form a natural language for describing topological quantum order. I will discuss how they arise as symmetries in PEPS, how anyon excitations arise as end points on them, and how the virtual indices of the MPO's provide a tensor product structure for the logical qubits in topological quantum computation.

Using the method of flux fusion anomaly test recently developed by M. Hermele and X. Chen (arXiv:1508.00573), we show that the possible ways of fractionalize crystal symmetry is greatly restricted if we assume the spin liquid has an SU(2) spin rotation symmetry and the spinon carries a half-integer spin. For a Z_2 spin liquid, under these assumptions the vison can only take the crystal symmetry fractionalization described by the Ising gauge theory. For a chiral spin liquid these assumptions imply that the spinon must also take fractionalized quantum numbers of crystal symmetries.

In this talk, we will analyze the properties of the bosonic $\nu = 1$ Moore-Read state when used to build a state
which is strongly believed to be a non-Abelian spin-1 chiral spin liquid state [1]. In this state the bosonic $\nu = 1$
Moore-Read Pfaffian wavefunction is interpreted as a wavefunction for a gas of bosons on a 2D square lattice with one flux quantum per plaquette. We investigate the properties of this wavefunction for the case of planar geometry and for the case of the system living on a torus. For the latter case, there are three distinct states corresponding to the three-fold degeneracy of the $\nu = 1$
bosonic Moore-Read state [2]. Our results show that correlation functions in these states become identical in the limit of large system size. Further issues investigated include the result that the three wavefunctions on the torus are linearly independent and orthogonal in the thermodynamic limit. Additionally, the Renyi entanglement entropy is also calculated for different system partitions in order to extract the topological entanglement entropy $\gamma$.

[1] M. Greiter and R. Thomale, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 207203 (2009).
[2] S. B. Chung and M. Stone, J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 40, 4923 (2007).

A pedagogic introduction will be given to: i) Emergent Majorana fermions and Majorana zero modes in certain condensed matter models and ii) Kondo insulators. This will be followed by discussion of a remarkable Quantum Oscillation Anomaly seen in recent experiments in SmB6, a Kondo insulator, by the Cambridge group [1], as providing evidence [2] for presence of Majorana fermi sea, in an unexpected place. We show a counter intuitive result that these Majorana fermions though neutral, exhibit Landau diamagnetism.

[1] B.S. Tan et al., Science, vol.349, pp. 287-29 (2015), arXiv:1507.01129 [1] G. Baskaran, arXiv:1507.03477

Fractional quantum Hall effect in the sequence of filling factors n/(2np +- 1) is well understood by the integer quantum Hall effect of the composite fermions at the filling factor n. A composite fermion (CF) is a bound state of an electron and 2p number of quantized vortices. However, the experimentally observed states such as 4/11, 5/13, and 3/8 which are between 1/3 and 2/5 cannot be accommodated in the conventional noninteracting theory of composite fermions. The interaction between CFs in partially filled second effective Landau levels of CFs is important for these states. However, conventional fractional quantum Hall effect of these interacting composite fermions do not reproduce these incompressible states. By diagonalizing Coulomb Hamiltonian in a restricted Hilbert space of the CFs, we find that these states are incompressible for flux-particle relationships that are different from the conventional considerations. We interpret that 4/11 and 5/13 states occur due to fractional quamtum Hall effect of the composite fermions for Haldane Pseudopotential V_3 rather than V_1. And the panti-Pfaffian pair correlation between CFs in the half-filled second effective Landau level creates incompressible 3/8 state. The unconventional topologies of these states are reflected in anomalously low magneto-roton energies for these states.