General Relativity & Quantum Cosmology

The modeling of pulsar radio and gamma-ray emission suggests that in order to interpret the observations one needs to understand the field geometry and the plasma state in the emission region. In recent years, significant progress has been achieved in understanding the magnetospheric structure in the limit of abundant plasma supply. However, the very presence of dense plasma everywhere in the magnetosphere is not obvious. Even the region where the observed emission is produced is subject to debate. To address this from first principles, we constructed global kinetic simulations of pulsar magnetospheres using relativistic Particle-in-Cell codes, which capture the physics of plasma production and particle acceleration. In this talk I will describe how plasma is produced in magnetospheres of pulsars. I will present modeling of high-energy lightcurves, calculated self-consistently from particle motion in the pulsar magnetosphere. I will also show evidence that observed radio emission is powered by non-stationary discharge at the polar cap.

I will explain how cosmological dynamics emerge from the hydrodynamics of isotropic group field theory condensate states in the Gross-Pitaevskii approximation. The correct Friedmann equations are recovered in the classical limit for some choices of the parameters in the action for the group field theory, and quantum gravity corrections arise in the high-curvature regime causing a bounce which generically resolves the big-bang and big-crunch singularities.

The first detections of gravitational waves by LIGO-Virgo initiated the era of Gravitation-Wave Astronomy. Gravitational-waves serve as a new and independent probe of the Universe. In addition, the combination of gravitational-waves with information from other messengers, such as electromagnetic emission from the same source, will lead to a more complete and accurate understanding of cosmology and astrophysics. In this talk, I will discuss some interesting learnings from the Advanced LIGO-Virgo first observing run and several scientific goals we expect to reach in the next few years.

By applying loop quantum gravity techniques to 2+1 gravity with a positive cosmological constant Λ, we show how the local gauge symmetry of the theory encoded in the constraint algebra acquires the quantum group structure of SOq(4). By means of an Inonu-Wigner contraction of the quantum group bi-algebra we obtain the kappa-Poincaré algebra of the flat quantum space-time symmetries.

The anti-de Sitter (AdS) space is of great interest in contemporary
theoretical physics due to the AdS/CFT correspondence. However, the
question of stability of AdS space is unanswered till now. After
giving the motivation for studies of asymptotically AdS spaces, I will
review dynamics of such spacetimes in the context of AdS instability
problem. This survey will include: evidence for instability of AdS
space, existence and properties of time-periodic solutions, and
finally an application of analytical technique called multiscale or
resonant approximation approach. If time permits, I will comment on
other asymptotically AdS solutions. Along with the results, I will
highlight some details of methods relevant to the topic.

In this talk we present the study of canonical gravity in finite regions for which we introduce a generalisation of the Gibbons-Hawking boundary term including the Immirzi parameter. We study the canonical formulation on a spacelike hypersuface with a boundary sphere and show how the presence of this term leads to a new type of degrees of freedom coming from the restoration of the gauge and diffeomorphism symmetry at the boundary. In the presence of a loop quantum gravity state, these boundary degrees of freedom localize along a set of punctures on the boundary sphere. We demonstrate that these degrees of freedom are effectively described by auxiliary strings with a 3-dimensional internal target space attached to each puncture. We show that the string currents represent the local frame field, that the string angular momenta represent the area flux and that the string stress tensor represents the two dimensional metric on the boundary of the region of interest. Finally, we show that the commutators of these broken diffeomorphisms charges of quantum geometry satisfy at each puncture a Virasoro algebra with central charge c = 3. This leads to a description of the boundary degrees of freedom in terms of a CFT structure with central charge proportional to the number of loop punctures. The boundary SU(2) gauge symmetry is recovered via the action of the U(1) 3 Kac-Moody generators (associated with the string current) in a way that is the exact analog of an infinite dimensional generalization of the Schwinger spin-representation.

(Based on the joint work with Laurent Freidel and Alejandro Perez arXiv:1611.03668)

Massive objects orbiting a near-extreme Kerr black hole plunge into the horizon after passing the innermost stable circular orbit, producing a potentially observable signal of gravitational radiation. The near horizon dynamics of such rapidly rotating black holes is governed by a conformal symmetry. In the talk I will show how this symmetry can be exploited to analytically compute the gravitational waves produced by a variety of orbits. I will also discuss an application to gravitational self-force and comment on the holographic interpretation of the process.

It is a common expectation in quantum gravity that the fundamental nature of space-time would be radically different from the smooth continuum of classical general relativity. In this talk it shall be shown that a quantum modification from loop quantum gravity crucial for singularity resolution is also responsible for deforming the underlying space-time in a manner which cannot be realized using classical geometric structures. With the minimum requirement that the quantum theory satisfies a well-defined notion of covariance explicit midisuperspace models manifesting such non-Riemannian space-times shall be shown to exhibit the physical phenomenon of non-singular signature change. Robustness and implications of this effect shall also be briefly discussed.

I describe how, within the group field theory (GFT) formalism for quantum gravity, we can: 

1) provide a candidate description of the quantum building blocks of spacetime, bringing together ideas and mathematical structures from other quantum gravity formalisms;

2) apply powerful tools from quantum field theory, like the (perturbative and non-perturbative) renormalization group, to establish the quantum consistency of given GFT models and to study their continuum limit and phase structure;

3) extract, from the full theory, an effective cosmological dynamics for the universe described as a quantum condensate of GFT building blocks; in the simplest approximation, this dynamics reduces to the Friedmann equations at large scales but replaces the classical big bang singularity with a quantum bounce.

Galaxy mergers are a standard aspect of galaxy formation and evolution, and most (likely all) large galaxies contain supermassive black holes.  As part of the merging process, the supermassive black holes should in-spiral together and eventually merge, generating a background of gravitational radiation in the nanohertz to microhertz regime.  Processes in the early Universe such as relic gravitational waves and cosmic strings may also generate gravitational radiation in the same frequency band.  An array of precisely timed pulsars spread across the sky can form a galactic-scale gravitational wave detector in the nanohertz band.  I describe the current efforts to develop and extend the pulsar timing array concept, together with recent limits which have emerged from North American and international efforts to constrain astrophysical phenomena at the heart of supermassive black hole mergers.

In this talk, I will address a major conceptual and technical concern of non-perturbative quantum gravity: the quantum superposition of causal structures of space-times. I will discuss a class of theories that can address the problem, their flaws, and their relation to general relativity.