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Supernovae observations strongly support the presence of a cosmological constant, but its value, which we will call apparent, is normally determined assuming that the Universe can be accurately described by a homogeneous model. Even in the presence of a cosmological constant we cannot exclude nevertheless the presence of a small local inhomogeneity which could affect the apparent value of the cosmological constant. Neglecting the presence of the inhomogeneity can in fact introduce a systematic misinterpretation of cosmological data, leading to the distinction between an apparent and true value of the cosmological constant. We establish the theoretical framework to calculate the corrections to the apparent value of the cosmological constant by modeling the local inhomogeneity with a $\Lambda LTB$ solution. Our assumption to be at the center of a spherically symmetric inhomogeneous matter distribution correspond to effectively calculate the monopole contribution of the non linear inhomogeneities surrounding us, which we expect to be the dominant one, because of other observations supporting a high level of isotropy of the Universe around us. By performing a local Taylor expansion we analyze the number of independent degrees of freedom which determine the local shape of the inhomogeneity, and consider the issue of central smoothness, showing how the same correction can correspond to different inhomogeneity profiles. Contrary to previous attempts to fit data using large void models our approach is quite general. The correction to the apparent value of the cosmological constant is in fact present for local inhomogeneity of any size, and should always be taken appropriately into account both theoretically and observationally.

String theory, famously, has a great many ground states. So many, in fact, that some argue that we should seek information in the statistical properties of these vacua, or worse, argue that we should abandon string theory as a theory with predictive power. On the other hand, very few vacua are known that look like the observed world of particle physics. In this talk I will review this situation and show that there are realistic models at the tip of the distribution of vacua, where topological complexity is minimised.

Can neutrinos really travel faster than light? Recently released experimental data from CERN suggests that they can. Join host Dr. Richard Epp and a panel of Perimeter Institute scientists in a live webinar to discuss this unexpected and puzzling experimental result, and some theoretical questions it might raise.

Wheeler's delayed choice (WDC) is one of the "standard experiments in foundations". It aims at the puzzle of a photon simultaneously behaving as wave and particle. Bohr-Einstein debate on wave-particle duality prompted the introduction of Bohr's principle of complementarity, ---`.. the study of complementary phenomena demands mutually exclusive experimental arrangements" . In WDC experiment the mutually exclusive setups correspond to the presence or absence of a second beamsplitter in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). A choice of the setup determines the observed behaviour. The delay ensures that the behaviour cannot be adapted before the photon enters MZI. Using WDC as an example, we show how replacement of classical selectors by quantum gates streamlines experiments and impacts on foundational questions. We demonstrate measurements of complementary phenomena with a single setup, where observed behaviour of the photon is chosen after it has been already detected. Spacelike separation of the setup components becomes redundant. The complementarity principle has to be reformulated --- instead of complementarity of experimental setups we now have complementarity of measurement results. Finally we present a quantum-controlled scheme of Bell-type experiments. To reach any of these conclusions in either classical or quantum setting a (simple) hidden variable model that represents the "reality" of "particle" and "wave" should be analyzed. The model is never fully exorcised but just pushed to have more and more conspiratorial set of assumptions.

For stationary black holes it is universally agreed that entropy is proportional to horizon area. It is not so clear what the relationship is for dynamical black holes. In such spacetimes the event horizon is teleologically defined while the apparent horizon is non-unique. Thus even if one believes that entropy continues to be well-defined and proportional to horizon area, there are many possible areas to choose from. In this work I will review some recent work that I have done with M. Heller, G. Plewa and M.Spalinski that examines this issue from the perspective of the fluid-gravity correspondence. In this quasi-equilibrium regime the slowly evolving black brane horizons on the gravity side are dual to a perturbed fluid flow. The fluid manifestations of the various horizon definitions can be compared and the blackbrane mechanics is dual to hydro-thermodynamics. In particular, the uncertainty as to which is the "correct" horizon can be interpreted as dual to the inherent freedom in defining an entropy current.