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Singularities, boundary points of spacetime beyond which no extension is possible, continue to intrigue both mathematicians and physicists since they are places where our current understanding of physical law breaks down. The question of whether they exist in physical situations is still an open one. Fifty years ago, Hawking and Penrose developed the first general model independent singularity theorems. These theorems showed that singularities have to exist in any spacetime that satisfies certain properties. Some of these properties are mild assumptions but others, called energy conditions, depend on matter content and are more problematic. For both classical and quantum fields, violations of these conditions can be observed in some of the simplest of cases. Therefore there is a need to develop theorems with weaker restrictions, namely energy conditions averaged over an entire geodesic and quantum inequalities, weighted local averages of energy densities. In this work we investigate the strong energy condition in the presence of both classical and quantum non-minimally coupled scalar fields and derive bounds in each case. In the quantum case these bounds take the form of a set of state-dependent quantum energy inequalities valid for the class of Hadamard states. Finally, we show how the quantum inequalities derived can be used as an assumption to a modified Hawking singularity theorem.

Denying realism, Operational itnerpretation, Simpson's paradox, The ontogological models framework - link to Rob and Lucien's article.

Cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments, which currently provide some of the most powerful cosmological data sets, will become much more constraining in the near future. While these measurements promise to teach us more about the nature of dark energy, inflation and neutrino physics, increased precision will require special attention dedicated to the data analysis. In this talk I will focus on the gravitational lensing of the CMB and some of its implications. By introducing a novel analysis technique, applying it to the Planck satellite data and commenting on improvements which will be possible with a CMB Stage 4 experiment, I will first show how we can utilize CMB gravitational lensing to probe self-consistency of the CMB data sets. Then I will overview how gravitational lensing induces non-Gaussian covariances between the CMB data and how these covariances affect constraints on the cosmological parameters.

Teleportation, Superdense coding, Quantum Zeno effect, Looking ahead to Week 3 (classical vs. quantum state space & connection to Q. Zeno effect) - link to orginal teleportation paper.