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Traditionally, the focus on determining characteristic properties of quantum mechanics has been on properties such as entanglement. However, entanglement is a property of multiple systems. Another interesting question is to ask what properties are characteristic of single quantum systems. Two answers to this question are: 1.There is a continuous path of pure quantum states connecting any two quantum states [1], and, 2.Quantum mechanics is preparation noncontextual [2]. In this talk, I will discuss a link between these two answers to this question. In particular, I will establish some strict upper bounds on the maximum size of the set of quantum states that can be modelled in a preparation noncontextual, nonnegative theory and show that this set contains pure states that cannot be connected to any other pure state in the set. I will also discuss a common example of a preparation noncontextual model that allows negative values, namely, a discrete Wigner function, and establish necessary and sufficient conditions for bases of an arbitrary dimensional Hilbert space to have nonnegative Wigner functions, i.e., to admit a classical model. I will conclude with a discussion of some open problems. [1] L. Hardy, quant-ph/0101012v4 (2001). [2] R. W. Spekkens, Phys. Rev. A, 71, 052108 (2005)

Matt Palmer An explicit description of a physical system is necessarily written with respect to a particular reference frame. It is important to know how to adapt the description when a different, equally valid, reference frame is chosen. In the case of classical frames there is a well-defined covariance of the description. The question we want to address is: How can we extend this description of change of reference frame to the case where the frames are quantum objects? We study this problem within specific toy models, and approach it operationally. We define a procedure that will change the quantum reference frame with which a quantum system is described. We find this procedure induces decoherence in the system and is described by a non-unitary CP map, which is in interesting distinction to the reversible nature of the classical change of frame procedures.

Information theory provides a novel approach to study of the consequences of symmetry of dynamics which goes far beyond the traditional conservation laws and Noether's theorem. The conservation laws are not applicable to the dissipative and open systems. In fact, as we will show, even in the case of closed system dynamics if the state of system is not pure the conservation laws do not capture all the consequences of symmetry. Using information theoretic approach to this problem we introduce new quantities called asymmetry monotones, that if the system is closed they are constant of motion and otherwise, if the system is open, they are always non-increasing. We also explain how different results in quantum information theory can have non-trivial consequences about the symmetric dynamics of quantum systems.

Ken Wharton An analysis of the path-integral approach to quantum theory motivates the hypothesis that two experiments with the same classical action should have dual ontological descriptions. If correct, this hypothesis would not only constrain realistic interpretations of quantum theory, but would also act as a constructive principle, allowing any realistic model of one experiment to generate a corresponding model for its action-dual. Two pairs of action-dual experiments will be presented, including one experiment that violates the Bell inequality and yet is action-dual to a single particle. Demanding a consistent, realistic ontology leads to a highly restricted parameter space of possible interpretations.

Wheeler's delayed choice (WDC) is one of the "standard experiments in foundations". It aims at the puzzle of a photon simultaneously behaving as wave and particle. Bohr-Einstein debate on wave-particle duality prompted the introduction of Bohr's principle of complementarity, ---`.. the study of complementary phenomena demands mutually exclusive experimental arrangements" . In WDC experiment the mutually exclusive setups correspond to the presence or absence of a second beamsplitter in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). A choice of the setup determines the observed behaviour. The delay ensures that the behaviour cannot be adapted before the photon enters MZI. Using WDC as an example, we show how replacement of classical selectors by quantum gates streamlines experiments and impacts on foundational questions. We demonstrate measurements of complementary phenomena with a single setup, where observed behaviour of the photon is chosen after it has been already detected. Spacelike separation of the setup components becomes redundant. The complementarity principle has to be reformulated --- instead of complementarity of experimental setups we now have complementarity of measurement results. Finally we present a quantum-controlled scheme of Bell-type experiments.

Quantum correlations cannot be given any classical explanation that would satisfy Bell's local causality assumption. This quite intriguing feature of quantum theory, known as quantum non-locality, has fascinated physicists for years, and has more recently been proven to have interesting applications in quantum information processing. To properly understand the power of quantum non-locality, it is important to be able to quantify it. One way for that is to compare it to other "non-local resources", such as classical communication or "non-local Popescu-Rohrlich (PR) boxes", and try to use these alternative resources to reproduce the quantum correlations. I will review known results on this subject, and present new simulations of multipartite non-local correlations.

To model statistical correlations that violate Bell inequalities (such as singlet state correlations), one must relax at least one of three physically plausible postulates: measurement independence (experimenters can freely choose measurement settings independently of any underlying variables describing the system); no-signalling (underlying marginal distributions for one observer cannot depend on the measurement setting of a distant observer), and determinism (all outcomes can be fully determined by the values of underlying variables). It will be shown that, for any given model, one may quantify the degrees of measurement dependence, signalling and indeterminism, by three numbers M, S and I. It will further be shown how the Bell-CHSH inequality may be generalised to a "relaxed" Bell inequality, of the form ++-<=B(I,S,M), where the upper bound is tight and ranges between 2 and 4. The usual Bell-CHSH inequality corresponds to I=S=M=0. More generally, the bound B(I,S,M) quantifies the necessary mutual tradeoff between I, S and M that is required to model a given violation of the Bell-CHSH inequality. Some information-theoretic implications will be briefly described, as well as a no-signalling deterministic model of the singlet state that allows up to 86% experimental free will.

Time is of philosophical interest as well as the subject of mathematical and scientific research. Even though it is a concept familiar to most, the passage of time remains one of the greatest enigmas of the universe. The philosopher Augustine once said: "What then is time? If no one asks me, I know what it is. If I wish to explain it to him who asks me, I do not know." The concept time indeed cannot be explained in simple terms. Emotions, life, and death - all are related to our interpretation of the irreversible flow of time. After a discussion of the concept of time, Prof. Mazur will review historical attempts to "stop time", that is, to capture events of very short duration and then present an overview of current research into ultrafast processes using short laser pulses.

The functional Renormalization Group is a continuum method to study quantum field theories in the non-perturbative regime. In Yang-Mills theory, it can be used to relate fully nonperturbative low-order correlation functions in particular gauges to observables such as confinement order parameters. As a special application, we determine the order of the phase transition and the critical temperature for various gauge groups (SU(N), N=3,.,12, Sp(2) and E(7)). This also allows to investigate what determines the order of the deconfinement phase transition. Furthermore we study the non-perturbative effective potential for the field strength, where we observe the formation of a gluon condensate in the vacuum.