PSI 2017/2018 - Quantum Theory (Emerson)

Generalized Measurement: Mathematical structure - POVM - Postulate 2 (Discrete case) - POVM Continuous case - Postulate 2 (Continuous case) - Example: Trine POVM measurement - Naimark/Neumark's dilation theorem - Generalized transformations: Postulate 3.

Real-world quantum systems description - Pure state vs Mixed states - Purification of Mixed States; Generalized measurement - Mixtures of "ideal measurement" - Ideal measurement of a composite system - POVMs.

Infinite Dimensional Systems -  Dirac's approach vs von Neumann's approach; Operational Postulates for open (real-world) quantum systems: probabilistic mixtures of pure states vs Partial description of composite system (partial trace, reduced state) - Operational postulate 1. 

Composite Quantum Systems - Examples and basic mathematical properties; Entanglement - Schmidt decomposition/Schmidt number; Infinite dimensional Hilbert space and unbounded operators - Dirac's approach vs von Neumann's approach. 

Meaning of labels; state up-date rule as a consequence of postulates; state up-date rule classically - Kochen-Specker model of qubit. Some additional references on the Kochen Specker model: Part II; Chap. D part 3.

Open question for deriving Quantum vs Classical Mechanics; 2-level systems ("Quantum Bit") - Quantum vs Classical rotations; State update rule - Luder's Rule (post-selected scenario vs non-post-selected scenario).