Cosmological History: from Gravitational Waves to Exoplanets

In this talk I will briefly review the mapping of the MW disk and bulge and then focus on the complexities that have been unveiled recently thanks to the combination of different precise datasets (astrometry, photometry, spectroscopy, asteroseismology).The history of the MW starts to be clearer once ages are obtained for large samples of stars and other stellar population tracers (e.g. globular clusters and RR Lyrae). I will show recent results that unveil the complex history of the Milky Way discs.Finally, I will discuss some remaining challenges and how we plan to address these in the future.