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Inspired by recent progress into recasting dissipative fluid dynamics within an effective action formalism,

I will show how to embed this problem in holography, where such effective actions can be computed explicitly for the class of relativistic conformal fluids. In particular I will identify the geometric counterpart of certain Goldstone bosons, the light degrees of freedom responsible for the low energy excitations in hydrodynamics. Moreover I will show how the underlying UV Schwinger-Keldysh structure arises at the level of the effective action.

By creating an ultra-clean underground location with a highly reduced radioactive background, otherwise impossible measurements can be performed to study fundamental physics, astrophysics and cosmology. The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) was a 1,000 tonne heavy-water-based neutrino detector created 2 km underground in a mine near Sudbury, Canada. SNO has used neutrinos from 8B decay in the Sun to observe one neutrino reaction sensitive only to solar electron neutrinos and others sensitive to all active neutrino flavors. It found clear evidence for neutrino flavor change that also requires that neutrinos have non-zero mass. This requires modification of the Standard Model for Elementary Particles and confirms solar model calculations with great accuracy. The 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics and the 2016 Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics were awarded for these measurements. Future measurements at the expanded SNOLAB facility will search for Dark Matter particles thought to make up 26% of our Universe and rare forms of radioactivity that can tell us further fundamental properties of neutrinos potentially related to the origin of our matter-dominated Universe.

I will discuss a natural basis of CFT operators for probing dual gravitational physics in a diffeomorphism-invariant manner. On the CFT side, these operators are already well-known: they are 'OPE Blocks' that contribute to the Operator Product Expansion with fixed Casimir. On the gravity side, I will show that these OPE blocks are dual to diff-invariant geodesic or surface operators. Our new entry to the holographic dictionary can be understood as an operator generalization of the Ryu-Takayanagi proposal and I will show it gives a unified description for a host of important results in holography.