Search Talks

I will discuss properties of pre- and post-selected ensembles in quantum mechanics. I will also discuss the proper way to observe these properties through the use of a new type of non-disturbing measurement which I call 'weak measurement'. A number of these new experiments have already been successfully performed and others are in the planning stage. These experiments have confirmed the unique property of pre- and post-selected ensembles that I call 'weak values.' Theoretical analysis of the outcomes of these experiments have produced several very rich results. First, it has shed new light on the most puzzling features of quantum mechanics, such as interference, entanglement, etc. Secondly, it has uncovered a host of new quantum phenomena, which were previously hidden."

We use black holes to understand some basic properties of theories of quantum gravity. First, we apply ideas from black hole physics to the physics of accelerated observers to show that the equations of motion of generalized theories of gravity are equivalent to the thermodynamic relation $\delta Q = T \delta S$. Our proof relies on extending previous arguments by using a more general definition of the Noether charge entropy. We have thus completed the implementation of Jacobson's proposal to express Einstein's equations as a thermodynamic equation of state. Additionally, we find that the Noether charge entropy obeys the second law of thermodynamics if the energy momentum tensor obeys the null energy condition. Our results support the idea that gravitation on a macroscopic scale is a manifestation of the thermodynamics of the vacuum. Then, we show that the existence of semiclassical black holes of size as small as a minimal length scale l_{UV} implies a bound on a gravitational analogue of 't-Hooft's coupling $\lambda_G(l)\equiv N(l) G_N/l^2$ at all scales $l \ge l_{UV}$. The proof is valid for any metric theory of gravity that consistently extends Einstein's gravity and is based on two assumptions about semiclassical black holes: i) that they emit as black bodies, and ii) that they are perfect quantum emitters. The examples of higher dimensional gravity and of weakly coupled string theory are used to explicitly check our assumptions and to verify that the proposed bound holds. Finally, we discuss some consequences of the bound for theories of quantum gravity in general and for string theory in particular.

The most puzzling issue in the foundations of quantum mechanics is perhaps that of the status of the wave function of a system in a quantum universe. Is the wave function objective or subjective? Does it represent the physical state of the system or merely our information about the system? And if the former, does it provide a complete description of the system or only a partial description? I shall address these questions here mainly from a Bohmian perspective, and shall argue that part of the difficulty in ascertaining the status of the wave function in quantum mechanics arises from the fact that there are two different sorts of wave functions involved. The most fundamental wave function is that of the universe, which, I argue, has a law-like character. From the wave function of the universe together with its configuration one can define the wave function of a subsystem of the universe. This, while objective, does indeed have a strong informational/subjective aspect.

The de Broglie-Bohm theory is about non-relativistic point-particles that move deterministically along trajectories. The theory reproduces the predictions of standard quantum theory given that the distribution of particle positions over an ensemble of systems, all described by the same wavefunction psi, equals the quantum equilibrium distribution |psi| squared. Numerical simulations by Valentini and Westman have illustrated that non-equilibrium particle distributions may relax to quantum equilibrium after some time. Here we consider non-equilibrium distributions and their relaxation properties for a particular class of trajectory theories, first studied in detail by Deotto and Ghirardi, that are empirically equivalent to the de Broglie-Bohm theory in quantum equilibrium. Joint work with Ward Struyve (KUL, Belgium).

It will be shown how the CSL (continuous spontaneous localization) dynamical collapse equations work. A mathematically equivalent, non-collapse, Hamiltonian formulation will be described, with interpretative differences between it and CSL briefly discussed. A random field engenders collapse in CSL, and particle energies increase due to collapse. Energy of the random field will be treated, such that energy of particles plus field is conserved. A conserved energy-momentum-stress density tensor for the random field will be presented, enabling gravitational applications. Finally, a possible role for collapse in the beginning of the universe is modeled.

Near the Planckian scales, quantum gravity is expected to drastically change the structure of spacetime, one feature of which may be noncomutativity of the coordinates. Based on the recent advances in quantum field theories on such noncommutative spaces, I will consider the fluctuations of inflaton and look for possible noncommutative corrections in the CMB. Anisotropy and non-gaussianity are the result. The resultant distribution is then compared with ACBAR, CBI and WMAP data to constrain the scale of noncommutativity parameter.

We present a string dual to finite temperature N=4 SYM coupled to Nf massless flavors with abelian symmetry. The solution includes the backreaction of the flavor up to second order in the ratio N_f/N_c times the 't Hooft coupling at the temperature of the dual QGP. The thermodynamics show a departure from conformality as a second order effect, and the energy loss of a quark through the plasma is enhanced by new degrees of freedom.

Quantum cosmology is the arena where the interpretations of quantum mechanics are pushed to their limits. For instance, the Copenhaguen interpretation cannot even be applied to this framework. With this in mind, I will describe the main results which emerge from the application of the Bohm-de Broglie interpretation to quantum cosmology, not only for an investigation of the later, but also to get a better understanding of the former in comparison with other interpretations. At first, without imposing any spacetime symmetry from the beginning, we show explicitly the breakdown of spacetime into space and time due to quantum effects, and an investigation of these latter structures within the Bohm-de Broglie picture. Afterwards, in the case of minisuperspace quantum cosmology, I will present how the notions of an evolution time parameter, cosmological singularities, and classical limit can be unambiguously defined. Cosmological non singular quantum bouncing solutions emerge, which are naturally led to th e standard cosmological model evolution before nucleosynthesis: large classical universes can be obtained without any traditional primordial inflationary expansion. A theory of quantum cosmological perturbations on these backgrounds is constructed, and almost scale invariant spectra are obtained. I argue about the possibility of testing these models against inflation. Use of the Bohm interpretation is crucial to obtain these results, which are otherwise unclear within other interpretations. Finally, I show potential discrepant results about the avoidance of cosmological singularities when different interpretations of quantum mechanics are used, and I speculate about constructing analog models where such differences could be tested.